Diabetes Mellitus Is a Hormonal Condition in Which

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer A: Diabetes Mellitus is a condition where the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production. This leads to increased breakdown of fats for energy, resulting in the production of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are acidic and are excreted in urine, causing ketonuria. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Summary of Incorrect Choices: B: Ketone bodies do not decrease in urine in Diabetes Mellitus. C: Urine does not become more dilute in Diabetes Mellitus; instead, it may become more concentrated due to increased excretion of glucose and ketone bodies. D: This choice is incorrect as Diabetes Mellitus does affect urine composition by increasing ketone bodies.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Chief cells in the gastric glands of the stomach secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is an inactive precursor of pepsin, which is an enzyme responsible for breaking down proteins. This process aids in the digestion of proteins in the stomach. Chief cells do not secrete HCl (A), which is secreted by parietal cells. Intrinsic factor (C) is secreted by parietal cells and is essential for vitamin B12 absorption, not by chief cells. HCO3- (D) is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum, not by chief cells in the stomach.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: GIP. GIP, or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, is the most important hormone in insulin secretion. It is released by the intestines in response to glucose intake, stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. Gastrin (A) is involved in gastric acid secretion, not insulin. CCK (B) and secretin (D) are involved in digestion and pancreatic enzyme secretion, not insulin regulation. So, GIP is the correct answer as it directly stimulates insulin release in response to glucose levels.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Thyroxine is deiodinated in the liver to T3, so approximately 33% of thyroxine is converted to the more active form, triiodothyronine. This conversion is important for regulating metabolic processes in the body. Choices A and C are incorrect because thyroxine is primarily bound to thyroxine-binding globulin in the plasma, not albumin, and it does not stimulate TSH release. Choice B is incorrect because T3 is actually more potent than thyroxine, not the other way around.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale for correct answer (B - leucine): Leucine is an essential amino acid, meaning it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet. It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, muscle repair, and growth. It is essential for overall health and well-being. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: A - taurine: Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid, not nutritionally essential. C - glutamate: Glutamate is a non-essential amino acid, as the body can synthesize it. D - alanine: Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, as the body can also produce it.