Describe the signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is D) Enhanced digestion, as this option aligns with the signs and symptoms typically seen in bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, including periods of mania and depression. During manic episodes, individuals may experience increased energy, decreased need for sleep, and heightened activity levels, which can lead to enhanced digestion due to increased metabolic rate and energy expenditure. Option A) Increased alertness is not a specific sign of bipolar disorder. While individuals in a manic phase may feel more alert, this alone is not a defining symptom of the disorder. Option B) Lower immune response is not a common symptom of bipolar disorder. Mental health conditions like bipolar disorder primarily affect mood and behavior rather than the immune system. Option C) Faster metabolism is a more relevant symptom compared to the other options listed. However, the key feature of bipolar disorder is the presence of manic and depressive episodes, not just a faster metabolism. Educational Context: Understanding the signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder is crucial for healthcare professionals, including nurses and pharmacists, as they play a vital role in the management and care of individuals with mental health conditions. By recognizing the characteristic features of bipolar disorder, healthcare providers can facilitate early diagnosis, appropriate treatment interventions, and support for patients experiencing this complex condition.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology, understanding the complications related to anorexia nervosa is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers. Option C, stress fractures in the spine or hip, is the correct answer. Anorexia nervosa leads to severe malnutrition, causing bone density loss and increasing the risk of stress fractures due to weakened bones. This complication is directly related to the nutritional deficiencies and decreased bone density seen in anorexic individuals. Option A, premature wrinkles, is incorrect as it is more related to skin health and aging, which are not the primary complications of anorexia nervosa. Option B, vitamin excess, is incorrect because anorexia nervosa leads to vitamin deficiencies rather than excess. Option D, fluid overload, is incorrect as anorexia nervosa typically results in dehydration and electrolyte imbalances rather than fluid overload. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the physiological impact of anorexia nervosa on the skeletal system. Understanding these complications helps healthcare professionals provide holistic care to patients with eating disorders, emphasizing the need for nutritional support and bone health interventions. Pharmacological implications may involve assessing bone health and mineral supplementation as part of the treatment plan for individuals with anorexia nervosa.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Methadone maintenance therapy is used for treating opioid addiction by reducing withdrawal symptoms and cravings. The correct answer, option C, "Faster metabolism," is the purpose and advantage of methadone maintenance therapy. Methadone is a long-acting opioid that helps in stabilizing individuals with opioid use disorder by preventing withdrawal symptoms and reducing drug cravings. It does this by being slowly metabolized in the body, leading to a more sustained effect compared to short-acting opioids like heroin. Option A, "Increased alertness," is incorrect because methadone, being an opioid, can actually cause drowsiness and sedation as side effects, especially when first starting treatment or when the dosage is adjusted. Option B, "Lower immune response," is incorrect as methadone does not have a direct impact on the immune system. Its primary role is in managing opioid addiction, not immunosuppression. Option D, "Enhanced digestion," is incorrect as methadone does not directly affect the digestive system. Its main mechanism of action is on the brain's opioid receptors to reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings. In an educational context, understanding the purpose and advantages of methadone maintenance therapy is crucial for healthcare professionals working with individuals struggling with opioid addiction. It is important to differentiate between the effects of methadone and other substances to provide safe and effective care to patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and adult medical-surgical care, understanding hypovolemia is crucial. The correct answer is B) Thirst. Thirst is the first symptom to occur in hypovolemia because when the body is experiencing a decrease in blood volume, the hypothalamus stimulates the sensation of thirst to promote increased fluid intake and help restore fluid balance. Option A) Hypotension typically occurs after hypovolemia has progressed, as the body tries to maintain blood pressure through various compensatory mechanisms. Central venoption B) Central venous pressure below 2 to 3 mmHg is a more advanced sign of hypovolemia, reflecting severe fluid loss. Urine specific gravity being high (Option D) is a late sign indicating concentrated urine due to decreased fluid intake. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing early signs of hypovolemia to initiate prompt interventions. Understanding the sequence of symptoms allows healthcare providers to intervene effectively and prevent the progression of hypovolemia to more severe complications like hypotension and shock. This knowledge is vital for pharmacology students and medical-surgical professionals to deliver safe and efficient patient care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In teaching clients with a potential for hypovolemia, the nurse should include avoiding alcohol and caffeine in the teaching plan because both substances have diuretic effects that can further exacerbate fluid loss, leading to dehydration and worsening hypovolemia. Alcohol and caffeine promote increased urine output, which can worsen fluid imbalance in individuals already at risk for hypovolemia. Increasing intake of dried peas and beans (Option B) is not directly related to managing hypovolemia. While these foods are nutritious and can contribute to overall health, they do not specifically address the issue of fluid volume deficit. Similarly, increasing intake of milk and dairy products (Option C) may provide some hydration, but these foods are not the most effective or direct way to address hypovolemia. It is important to focus on fluids that can quickly replenish lost volume in hypovolemic clients. Avoiding table salt or foods containing sodium (Option D) is not appropriate for hypovolemia management. In fact, a moderate amount of sodium is necessary to help retain fluid in the body and prevent further dehydration in hypovolemic individuals. In an educational context, understanding the effects of different food and drink choices on fluid balance is crucial for nurses caring for clients at risk for hypovolemia. By providing accurate teaching on dietary choices, nurses can empower clients to make informed decisions to support their health and well-being.