Depolarizing agents include all of the following properties EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because depolarizing agents, like succinylcholine, directly open the nicotinic receptor channel causing prolonged depolarization. Choice B is correct, as depolarizing agents react with the nicotinic receptor to cause depolarization. Choice C is incorrect because desensitization and flaccid paralysis are associated with non-depolarizing agents. Choice D is incorrect because cholinesterase inhibitors can reverse non-depolarizing blockade by preventing acetylcholine breakdown.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Inhibition of glycogenolysis. 1. Beta-receptor antagonists inhibit the action of catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine). 2. Catecholamines normally stimulate beta-receptors, promoting glycogenolysis. 3. Therefore, beta-blockers block this stimulation, leading to the inhibition of glycogenolysis. Summary: A: Stimulation of lipolysis - Incorrect. Beta-blockers do not stimulate lipolysis. B: Stimulation of gluconeogenesis - Incorrect. Beta-blockers do not stimulate gluconeogenesis. D: Stimulation of insulin secretion - Incorrect. Beta-blockers actually inhibit insulin secretion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Decrease the duration of REM sleep. Hypnotic drugs typically suppress REM sleep, leading to a decrease in its duration. This is because these drugs act on the central nervous system to promote sedation and reduce the amount of time spent in REM sleep. Choice A is incorrect as hypnotic drugs do not increase the duration of REM sleep. Choice C is also incorrect as these drugs do alter the duration of REM sleep. Choice D is incorrect since hypnotic drugs do not increase the duration of slow wave sleep, which is a different stage of sleep compared to REM sleep.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Clonazepam. Clonazepam is a long-acting benzodiazepine that is effectively used to treat both absence and myoclonic seizures due to its ability to enhance the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. It has a long half-life, allowing for sustained seizure control. Primidone (A) is mainly used for tonic-clonic seizures, Carbamazepine (B) is more effective for focal seizures, and Phenytoin (D) is typically used for tonic-clonic and focal seizures, but not specifically for absence or myoclonic seizures.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kappa-receptors. Kappa-receptors are responsible for dysphoria and vasomotor stimulation because their activation leads to these effects. Mu-receptors are primarily associated with analgesia and respiratory depression, while Delta-receptors are involved in modulating pain perception. Choosing D (All of the above) is incorrect as Mu and Delta receptors do not directly cause dysphoria or vasomotor stimulation.