Deficiency symptom of riboflavin is:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D (All of the above) because riboflavin deficiency can manifest as all the symptoms mentioned in choices A, B, and C. Riboflavin is essential for maintaining healthy skin and mucous membranes, so deficiency can lead to cheilitis (choice A) and cheilosis (choice B), which both involve inflammation and fissures in the lips. Additionally, riboflavin deficiency can cause angular stomatitis (choice C), which is characterized by inflammation and fissures at the corners of the mouth. Therefore, all the symptoms listed in choices A, B, and C are potential deficiency symptoms of riboflavin. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect individually because they only describe specific symptoms of riboflavin deficiency, whereas the correct answer D encompasses all the possible symptoms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Colchicine. Uricosuric drugs increase excretion of uric acid in the urine to treat gout. Colchicine is not a uricosuric drug; it is used to treat gout flares by reducing inflammation. Probenecid and Sulfinpyrazone are uricosuric drugs that work by inhibiting uric acid reabsorption in the kidneys. Aspirin at high dosages can compete with uric acid for excretion in the kidneys, so it can also have uricosuric effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: C. Renal failure and malabsorption are not major causes of hypercalcemia. - Hyperparathyroidism leads to increased calcium levels due to overproduction of PTH. - Cancer with or without bone metastases can release calcium into the bloodstream. - Hypervitaminosis D can cause hypercalcemia by increasing intestinal calcium absorption. Renal failure and malabsorption do not directly increase calcium levels.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Osmotic diuretics. These agents are not absorbed when given orally due to their large molecular size, which prevents them from passing through the gastrointestinal mucosa. They must be administered parenterally for effective absorption and distribution in the body to exert their diuretic effects. Loop diuretics (B) are well-absorbed orally in the gastrointestinal tract. Thiazide diuretics (C) are also absorbed when given orally and act primarily in the distal convoluted tubule. Potassium-sparing diuretics (D) can be absorbed orally and exert their effects in the collecting duct of the nephron.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Lincozamides primarily target anaerobic organisms and Gram positive cocci. 2. Choice D aligns with the target organisms and is therefore correct. Summary: - Choice A is incorrect as lincozamides do not demonstrate broad-spectrum bactericidal effects. - Choice B is incorrect as lincozamides do not primarily influence anaerobic organisms and Gram negative cocci. - Choice C is incorrect as lincozamides are more bacteriostatic than bactericidal.