Defects in tetralogy of Fallot and its surgical management.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C (Both A and B) because tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by four defects, including ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. Surgical management involves repairing these defects to improve blood flow and oxygenation. Option A (Ventricular septal defect) is incorrect because it only addresses one of the defects in tetralogy of Fallot. Option B (Pulmonary stenosis) is also incorrect as it only focuses on another single defect. Option D (None of the above) is incorrect as surgical management typically involves addressing both defects to effectively treat tetralogy of Fallot.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nutrition and exercise patterns. This is important as nutrition and exercise directly impact Mr. Jones' hypertension management. Assessing his diet and physical activity can help identify risk factors and areas for intervention. Educational background (A) is less relevant unless related to health literacy. Marital status (C) may have minimal impact on hypertension. Childhood diseases (D) are less pertinent compared to current lifestyle factors. Understanding his nutrition and exercise patterns is crucial in developing a tailored discharge plan for Mr. Jones.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: strength of contraction. Digitalis preparations, such as digoxin, increase the strength of myocardial contraction by inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase pump, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium levels. This results in a positive inotropic effect, enhancing the force of cardiac muscle contraction. The other choices are incorrect because digitalis preparations do not affect the rate of contraction (choice A), conduction velocity (choice C), or kidney function (choice D).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Decreased clotting time and PTT. In pulmonary embolism, clotting factors are consumed, resulting in decreased clotting time and prolonged PTT. Elevated WBC and PO2 (A) are nonspecific. Elevated SGOT and LDH (C) suggest heart or liver issues, not PE. Decreased CPK and BUN (D) are not typically associated with PE.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fusion of the valve leaflets. Mitral stenosis is characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve orifice, primarily caused by fusion of the valve leaflets. This fusion restricts the flow of blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle, leading to symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, and palpitations. Development of a calcium plate across the orifice (A) is seen in aortic stenosis, not mitral stenosis. Tight ventricular outflow obstruction (C) is characteristic of conditions like hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, not mitral stenosis. Lengthening of the chordae tendineae (D) is not a primary cause of mitral stenosis symptoms.