Deefer's action when visiting the aunt is an example of

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Deefer generalizes the behavior (rolling over) to a similar stimulus (the aunt's house), demonstrating stimulus generalisation (B). Response generalisation (A) involves varying behaviors, response discrimination (C) distinguishes behaviors, and stimulus discrimination (D) differentiates stimuli, none of which fit here.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the Garcia and Koelling study, the correct answer is A) electric shock; light. This is because in classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning. In this case, the electric shock is the UCS because it naturally elicits a response (fear) without any prior conditioning. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the UCS, triggers a conditioned response. In the study, the light was paired with the electric shock, causing the light to become a conditioned stimulus that eventually elicited the conditioned response (fear) without the presence of the electric shock. Option B) sound; light is incorrect because there is no mention of sound in the context of the study, so it cannot be considered as a UCS or CS. Option C) sweetened water; electric shock is incorrect because sweetened water is not mentioned in the study as a stimulus, and electric shock is the correct UCS. Option D) light; sound is incorrect because, as mentioned earlier, there is no reference to sound in the study, making it an irrelevant choice. Understanding classical conditioning is crucial in psychology and nursing as it helps explain how certain behaviors or responses are learned through associations. By grasping the concepts of UCS, CS, and conditioned responses, healthcare professionals can better understand patient behaviors and responses to various stimuli, aiding in providing appropriate care and interventions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Synapse formation, as described in the correct answer D) the creation of new neural pathways, is a crucial process in the development and functioning of the nervous system. When new neural pathways are formed through synapse formation, it allows for the transmission of electrical and chemical signals between neurons, enabling communication within the brain and throughout the body. Option A) circuit pruning refers to the process of eliminating unnecessary or weak synapses to strengthen neural connections. This process occurs after synapse formation and is not synonymous with the initial creation of new neural pathways. Option B) proliferation of dendrites involves the growth and branching of dendrites, which are the extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons. While dendrite proliferation is important for increasing the surface area for synaptic connections, it is not the same as the formation of new neural pathways through synapse formation. Option C) the process of myelination is the formation of myelin sheaths around axons, which helps to insulate and speed up the transmission of nerve impulses. Myelination is essential for efficient signal conduction but is distinct from synapse formation, which involves the establishment of connections between neurons. Understanding the process of synapse formation is fundamental in grasping how neural networks are established and how information is processed in the brain. It is a foundational concept in neuroscience and is essential for comprehending various psychobiologic disorders that may arise from disruptions in synaptic communication.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) processing declarative information, while the amygdala has a role in classical conditioning. The hippocampus is a crucial structure in the brain responsible for processing declarative or explicit memories, which are memories of facts and events. It plays a key role in learning and memory consolidation. On the other hand, the amygdala is associated with emotional responses and classical conditioning, which is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflex response through repeated pairings. Option A is incorrect because the amygdala is not primarily responsible for response learning, and the hippocampus is more involved in processing declarative information. Option B is incorrect because the amygdala is not primarily responsible for emotional learning, and the hippocampus is more involved in processing declarative information. Option D is incorrect because the amygdala is not primarily responsible for processing declarative information, and the hippocampus is more involved in processing declarative information. Understanding the roles of different brain structures in learning and memory is essential for healthcare professionals, especially when dealing with psychobiologic disorders where memory and learning processes may be impaired. Knowing the functions of the hippocampus and amygdala can help healthcare providers understand how these disorders manifest and how to provide appropriate care and support for patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of the three-phase model of operant conditioning, the discriminative stimulus is a cue that signals the likelihood of a particular behavior resulting in reinforcement. In this question, the correct answer is D) sound of the whistle. This is because the sound of the whistle serves as a cue for the behavior to be performed, indicating to the subject that reinforcement is available upon performing the desired behavior, such as a trick in this case. Option A) somersault, and Option B) piece of fish are incorrect because they are not stimuli that signal the availability of reinforcement for a specific behavior. While a somersault may be a behavior itself and a piece of fish may be a reinforcer, they do not serve as discriminative stimuli in this context. Option C) sight of the trainer is also incorrect as it is not specifically linked to signaling reinforcement for a behavior. While the trainer may be involved in the training process, the discriminative stimulus needs to be a specific cue that signals the opportunity for reinforcement. In an educational context, understanding the concept of discriminative stimuli in operant conditioning is crucial for both educators and learners. By grasping this concept, educators can effectively design training programs and reinforcement schedules to shape desired behaviors in learners. Similarly, learners can recognize cues that indicate when certain behaviors are likely to be reinforced, improving their learning outcomes and performance.