Daily long-term control therapy is recommended for infants and young children (0-4 years) who had in the previous year

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) three or more episodes of wheezing that lasted more than 1 day. Daily long-term control therapy is recommended for infants and young children in this age group who have had three or more episodes of wheezing in the previous year. This recommendation is based on evidence that children who experience frequent wheezing episodes are at higher risk for developing asthma. Option A) two or more episodes is not the correct answer because the threshold for initiating daily long-term control therapy is set at three or more episodes. Option C) four or more episodes and Option D) five or more episodes are also incorrect as they exceed the threshold recommended for initiating daily long-term control therapy in this age group. From an educational perspective, understanding the criteria for initiating daily long-term control therapy in infants and young children is crucial for pediatric clinical nurse specialists. It allows for early intervention and management of asthma symptoms, ultimately improving outcomes for these young patients. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about evidence-based guidelines to provide optimal care to pediatric patients with respiratory conditions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the management of urticaria and angioedema, the MAINSTAY of pharmacologic treatment is second-generation H1 antihistamines (Option A). These antihistamines are preferred due to their efficacy in blocking histamine receptors, which are responsible for the symptoms of urticaria and angioedema. They have fewer side effects like sedation compared to first-generation antihistamines, making them a safer and more effective choice. Tricyclic antidepressants (Option B) are not typically used as a first-line treatment for urticaria and angioedema. While they may have some antihistaminic properties, their side effect profile and potential for drug interactions make them less suitable. Corticosteroids (Option C) are reserved for severe cases or when antihistamines alone are ineffective. They are not considered the MAINSTAY of treatment due to their potential for long-term side effects and lack of specificity in targeting the underlying histamine-mediated pathway. Leukotriene receptor blockers (Option D) are more commonly used in conditions like asthma and allergic rhinitis, where leukotrienes play a larger role. They are not the first-line treatment for urticaria and angioedema, as histamine is the primary mediator in these conditions. In an educational context, understanding the rationale behind choosing second-generation H1 antihistamines as the MAINSTAY of treatment for urticaria and angioedema is crucial for nurses specializing in pediatric care. This knowledge helps ensure safe and effective management of these common pediatric dermatologic conditions, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based practice in providing quality care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Deliver a correction bolus of rapid-acting insulin via an insulin syringe or pen. In this scenario, the 14-year-old girl with type 1 diabetes is experiencing hyperglycemia and ketones despite being on insulin pump therapy. Rapid-acting insulin given via syringe or pen allows for a more immediate and precise delivery of insulin to address the high blood sugar levels and ketones. This method ensures faster correction and can help prevent potential complications of hyperglycemia and ketosis. Option A is incorrect because delivering a correction bolus through the insulin pump may not be as effective in this situation due to possible insulin pump malfunction or absorption issues. Option C, delivering a dose of long-acting insulin, is not appropriate for correcting acute hyperglycemia and ketones as it acts over an extended period and does not provide immediate relief. Option D, performing exercise and increasing water intake, is not recommended for treating high blood sugar and ketones in this case as it may worsen the condition by leading to dehydration and further ketone production. Educationally, it is crucial for pediatric clinical nurse specialists to understand the management of acute complications in pediatric patients with diabetes. Providing detailed explanations for the correct and incorrect options helps reinforce the importance of prompt and appropriate interventions to prevent complications and promote optimal health outcomes in pediatric patients with diabetes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) 10 days. Platelets are small, disc-shaped cell fragments produced in the bone marrow and are essential for blood clotting. The average lifespan of normal human platelets in circulation is around 10 days. Option A) 24 hours is incorrect as platelets typically live much longer than just one day. Option B) 72 hours is also incorrect as platelets have a longer lifespan than three days. Option D) 30 days is incorrect as this is too long for the average lifespan of platelets. In an educational context, understanding the lifespan of platelets is crucial for pediatric clinical nurse specialists as it impacts their approach to managing patients with bleeding disorders, clotting disorders, or those undergoing surgeries where platelet function is essential. Knowing the lifespan helps in interpreting lab results, assessing treatment effectiveness, and providing appropriate patient education regarding their condition. This knowledge also guides the timing of interventions that may be needed to support or enhance platelet function in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) epinephrine. In this scenario, the child is experiencing streptococcal pharyngitis, which is a bacterial infection. Epinephrine is a vasoconstrictor that can help in reducing inflammation and swelling of the throat, providing relief from symptoms like sore throat and difficulty swallowing. Option B) prednisone is a corticosteroid that is more commonly used for treating inflammatory conditions, such as asthma or allergic reactions. It is not the first-line treatment for streptococcal pharyngitis. Option C) diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is an antihistamine that is used to treat allergic reactions and symptoms like itching, sneezing, and runny nose. It is not effective in treating bacterial infections like streptococcal pharyngitis. Option D) cimetidine is a histamine-2 blocker that is used to reduce stomach acid production. It is not indicated for the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. In an educational context, it is crucial for pediatric clinical nurse specialists to have a strong understanding of common pediatric illnesses and their appropriate treatments. Streptococcal pharyngitis is a common condition in children, and knowing the most effective treatment options can help in providing optimal care and improving patient outcomes. Understanding the rationale behind choosing epinephrine in this case reinforces the importance of evidence-based practice and critical thinking in pediatric nursing care.