Daily long-term control therapy is recommended for infants and young children (0-4 years) who had in the previous year

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Three or more wheezing episodes lasting over one day in a year indicate persistent asthma, warranting long-term control therapy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hypernatremic dehydration occurs when water loss exceeds sodium loss, leading to increased serum osmolality (>295 mOsm/L) and sodium levels (>145 mEq/L). This can result from inadequate fluid intake, excessive sweating, or osmotic diuresis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Asthma is a TH2-mediated inflammatory condition where eosinophils play a key role in airway hyperresponsiveness. Increased IgE, not IgA, is associated with allergic asthma, and viral infections can trigger but do not cause asthma.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The child has hyponatremia due to sodium depletion from prolonged diarrhea. Low urinary sodium suggests total body sodium loss rather than water overload.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Digitalis is not used in acute resuscitation as it does not provide immediate cardiovascular support.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: While reassurance and behavioral strategies are appropriate, ordering an MRI brain is unnecessary unless neurological concerns exist. EEG may help rule out seizures.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Abdominal mass is the most common presentation of pediatric Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, as it often arises from extranodal sites like the GI tract. Systemic symptoms are less frequent than in Hodgkin lymphoma.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Alcohol consumption significantly increases the risk of drowning in adolescents by impairing judgment and motor coordination, which increases the likelihood of water-related accidents.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hypernatremic dehydration occurs when water loss exceeds sodium loss, leading to increased serum osmolality (>295 mOsm/L) and sodium levels (>145 mEq/L). This can result from inadequate fluid intake, excessive sweating, or osmotic diuresis.