Cytotoxic agents are the following EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cyclosporine. Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant medication used to prevent organ rejection after transplantation. It is not considered a cytotoxic agent because it does not directly target and kill rapidly dividing cells. Azathioprine, Leflunomide, and Cyclophosphamide are cytotoxic agents commonly used in chemotherapy to kill rapidly dividing cells, making them incorrect choices.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because cholesterol synthesis inhibitors can potentially cause liver and muscle toxicity. Monitoring liver enzymes like ALT and AST can help detect liver damage, while monitoring muscle enzymes like CK can help detect muscle damage. Choice B is incorrect because monitoring these enzymes is necessary. Choice C is incorrect because not all enzymes need to be monitored. Choice D is incorrect because monitoring is necessary for specific enzymes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is the active form of vitamin D and is used in cases of vitamin D resistance. 2. Vitamin D resistance results in impaired calcium absorption and metabolism. 3. Administering calcitriol helps bypass the resistance and maintain calcium levels. 4. Elevated skeletal turnover, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and hypophosphatemia are not direct indications for calcitriol administration.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A: Carbonic anhydrase inhibition leads to increased reabsorption of NaHCO3 is incorrect because carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like acetazolamide inhibit the reabsorption of NaHCO3 in the proximal tubule, leading to bicarbonate diuresis. B: Loop diuretics inhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter at the thick ascending loop of Henle, not by competing for the Cl- site. C: The potency of a diuretic is determined by its mechanism of action and not necessarily by where it acts in the renal tubule. D: Hydrochlorothiazide decreases urinary calcium excretion is correct as it inhibits the Na+/Cl- cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule, leading to increased calcium reabsorption.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All groups. Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams all contain a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure. This ring is essential for the antibacterial activity of these antibiotics as it inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Penicillins and cephalosporins are well-known beta-lactam antibiotics, while carbapenems and monobactams are also part of this group due to the presence of the beta-lactam ring. Therefore, the correct answer is D as all these antibiotic groups share the common feature of containing a beta-lactam ring. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not encompass all the antibiotic groups that contain the beta-lactam ring.