Cyrill with severe head trauma sustained in a car accident is admitted to the intensive care unit. Thirty-six hours later, the client's urine output suddenly rises above 200 ml/hour, leading the nurse to suspect diabetes insipidus. Which laboratory findings support the nurse's suspicion of diabetes insipidus?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Diabetes insipidus results from inadequate production or action of antidiuretic hormone, leading to excessive urine output and dilute urine. In this case, the sudden rise in urine output above 200 ml/hour indicates a large volume of dilute urine being excreted. Therefore, the urine osmolality will be low (below normal) due to its diluteness. On the other hand, the serum osmolality will be high (above normal) because the body is unable to retain water properly, leading to dehydration and concentration of solutes in the blood. This imbalance in osmolality levels between urine and serum supports the nurse's suspicion of diabetes insipidus. Incorrect choices: A: Above-normal urine and serum osmolality levels - This is incorrect because in diabetes insipidus, urine osmolality is low (dilute) and serum osmolality is high. B: Below-normal urine and serum os

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, as hemoptysis in pulmonary embolism is often due to alveolar damage in the infarcted area caused by the blockage of blood flow to the lung tissue. This leads to inflammation and subsequent bleeding. Choice B is incorrect because major blood vessel involvement does not directly lead to hemoptysis. Choices C and D are incorrect as they are too general and do not specifically address the mechanism of hemoptysis in pulmonary embolism.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Renal dysfunction. Neurologic complications in multiple myeloma often manifest as renal dysfunction due to the deposition of abnormal proteins in the kidneys, leading to kidney damage. This can result in symptoms like proteinuria, renal insufficiency, and ultimately renal failure. The other choices, brain (A), muscle spasm (B), and myocardial irritability (D), are less likely to be directly associated with neurologic complications of multiple myeloma. Brain involvement in MM is rare, muscle spasms are not a common neurologic complication, and myocardial irritability is more related to cardiac function rather than neurologic complications in MM.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The term "blue bloater" refers to a male client with chronic obstructive bronchitis. This is because chronic obstructive bronchitis is characterized by chronic bronchial inflammation leading to cyanosis (blue) and bloating due to fluid retention. ARDS is characterized by severe respiratory failure, not consistent with the symptoms of a blue bloater. Asthma typically presents with wheezing and reversible airway obstruction, not bloating. Emphysema is characterized by shortness of breath and barrel chest, but not necessarily blue discoloration or bloating.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm typically presents with severe lower back pain due to the leakage of blood into the abdomen, leading to irritation of surrounding tissues. Decreased blood pressure is a result of significant blood loss from the rupture. Decreased RBC count occurs due to hemolysis and loss of red blood cells into the abdominal cavity. Increased WBC count is a response to inflammation and infection resulting from the rupture. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not align with the typical presentation of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. The symptoms described in these choices do not accurately reflect the clinical manifestations associated with this condition.