Cultural diversity presents an important challenge to nurse managers due to which of the following?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because an increase in cultural diversity in both the patient population and nursing staff can lead to challenges in communication, understanding beliefs and practices, and providing culturally competent care. This can impact patient outcomes and require nurse managers to address cultural competence training and policies. Choice A (nursing shortage) is incorrect as it does not directly relate to the challenge of cultural diversity. Choice B (lack of cultural sensitivity training) may contribute to the challenge but is not the primary reason. Choice C (80% of nursing staff from minority groups) is incorrect as it presents a specific statistic without addressing the broader implications of cultural diversity in both patients and staff.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hip replacement surgery. Nursing critical pathways are designed for standardized, evidence-based care plans for specific medical conditions or procedures. Hip replacement surgery is a well-defined process with clear guidelines for pre-op, intra-op, and post-op care, making it suitable for a critical pathway. Foreign object in the ear (A) requires immediate intervention but doesn't involve a complex care pathway. Fever of unknown origin (B) requires extensive diagnostic workup, making it less suitable for a standardized pathway. Bacterial infection acquired in a foreign country (D) may have variable presentations and treatment, not fitting a standardized pathway.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: According to Fiedler's Contingency Theory, task-motivated leaders are most effective in highly structured situations. This is because in such environments, the leader can focus on task accomplishment and clearly defined goals without needing to rely heavily on interpersonal relationships. In contrast, in loosely structured situations, task-motivated leaders may struggle as the lack of clear direction and ambiguity can hinder their task-oriented approach. Therefore, the correct answer is C. Choices A and B are incorrect as they focus on stress levels, which are not directly related to the effectiveness of task-motivated leaders. Choice D is incorrect because loosely structured situations are not ideal for task-motivated leaders according to Fiedler's theory.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Confirmation. In Roger's diffusion of innovations theory, Confirmation is the stage where individuals evaluate the decision to adopt or reject an innovation after trying it out. In this scenario, the hospital implemented a course of action for shift change, and after a week, it was deemed inappropriate, indicating that the decision reached the Confirmation stage. Summary: - B: Implementation is incorrect as the hospital had already implemented the course of action. - C: Knowledge is incorrect as this stage involves acquiring information about the innovation. - D: Persuasion is incorrect as it focuses on influencing individuals to adopt the innovation, which is not the case in this scenario.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Client. In a continuous quality improvement program, the primary focus should be on improving the quality of care and services provided to the clients or patients. This ensures that their needs and preferences are met, resulting in better outcomes. A focus on the family (A) or healthcare providers like nurses (C) and physicians (D) may be important, but the ultimate goal of a quality improvement program is to enhance the client's experience and well-being. By prioritizing the client, the program can address issues directly affecting them and tailor improvements to meet their specific needs.