Correct statement regarding congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular nursing and pharmacology, understanding congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is crucial. Option A, stating that CRS with a vaccine-strain of the virus has not been reported, is correct. This is because the rubella vaccine uses a weakened live virus that is incapable of causing CRS. Option B is incorrect because re-infections during pregnancy can indeed result in CRS as the virus can affect the developing fetus. Option C is also incorrect as administration of immune globulin after exposure to rubella during pregnancy is not effective in preventing CRS, as the virus can still harm the fetus. Option D is incorrect as patent ductus arteriosus is not the commonest manifestation of CRS. Educators need to emphasize the importance of vaccination against rubella to prevent CRS and the potential risks of rubella infection during pregnancy. Understanding these concepts is vital for pediatric nurses to provide optimal care for infants and children affected by congenital rubella syndrome.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Midgut volvulus. The "whirlpool" sign in an abdominal ultrasonogram refers to the characteristic appearance of twisted mesenteric vessels seen in midgut volvulus, a surgical emergency in pediatric patients. This twisting can lead to compromised blood flow and potentially life-threatening bowel ischemia. Option A) Duodenal atresia is a congenital condition where there is a blockage or absence of a portion of the duodenum. This would present differently on imaging studies than the whirlpool sign seen in midgut volvulus. Option C) Intussusception is a condition where one segment of the intestine invaginates into another, leading to bowel obstruction. While it can have a similar presentation of abdominal pain and distention in pediatric patients, it would not typically show the whirlpool sign on imaging. Option D) Anorectal malformation refers to a spectrum of congenital anomalies involving the anus and rectum. This condition is not associated with the whirlpool sign on an abdominal ultrasonogram. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for pediatric nurses working in cardiovascular settings to promptly recognize and respond to emergent conditions affecting the gastrointestinal system. Recognizing the whirlpool sign can help expedite diagnosis and treatment, potentially saving a child's life.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding neurocutaneous syndromes is crucial for providing comprehensive care. The correct answer, option D - Von Hippel-Lindau disease, is a neurocutaneous syndrome without cutaneous manifestations. This syndrome is characterized by the development of tumors and cysts in various organs, particularly in the central nervous system and kidneys, without typical skin findings. Option A - Sturge-Weber syndrome, is not the correct answer because it presents with facial port-wine birthmarks and neurological abnormalities. Option B - Tuberous sclerosis, is also incorrect as it typically manifests with skin lesions such as facial angiofibromas and hypopigmented macules, along with neurological and renal manifestations. Option C - Ataxia telangiectasia, is not the correct answer either as it is characterized by cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasias, and immune system deficiencies, which include cutaneous manifestations. Educationally, recognizing the distinguishing features of different neurocutaneous syndromes is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management in pediatric patients. Understanding these conditions aids in providing holistic care and addressing the specific needs of each child. This knowledge equips pediatric cardiovascular nurses to collaborate effectively with multidisciplinary teams and support families in navigating the complexities of these syndromes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Live attenuated for the SA 14-14-2 vaccine for Japanese encephalitis. Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus which can still induce an immune response without causing the disease. This type of vaccine is effective in providing long-lasting immunity with a single dose. Option B) Vero cell derived inactivated is incorrect because inactivated vaccines use killed virus particles that cannot replicate. They require booster doses to maintain immunity. Option C) Mouse-brain derived inactivated is also incorrect as it pertains to older methods of vaccine production and is associated with potential safety concerns related to the use of animal-derived components. Option D) Live recombinant is incorrect as it involves genetically engineered viruses to express antigens but does not apply to the SA 14-14-2 vaccine. In an educational context, understanding the different types of vaccines is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatric cardiovascular nursing. It is important to be able to differentiate between live attenuated, inactivated, and recombinant vaccines to make informed decisions regarding vaccine administration, storage, and patient education. This knowledge ensures safe and effective vaccination practices in pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency. Cytosolic glycogen accumulation occurs in Pompe disease, McArdle's disease, and Phosphofructokinase deficiency due to defects in enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism. Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency is a disorder of glycolysis, not glycogen metabolism. This enzyme deficiency leads to problems in the ATP generation pathway and does not directly impact glycogen storage. Educationally, understanding the specific enzyme deficiencies associated with different diseases is crucial in pharmacology and pediatric cardiovascular nursing. Recognizing the differences between these conditions is vital for accurate diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. This knowledge helps healthcare professionals provide appropriate interventions and support for patients with these conditions.