Corneal opacities are seen in:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, understanding the association between corneal opacities and specific syndromes is crucial for accurate assessment and care planning. The correct answer is C) Hurler syndrome. Corneal opacities are a characteristic feature of Hurler syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type I. This syndrome is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase, leading to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in various tissues, including the cornea. Option A) Marfan's syndrome is characterized by skeletal abnormalities, cardiovascular issues, and ocular manifestations like lens dislocation, but not corneal opacities. Option B) Herpes simplex infection typically presents with vesicular lesions on the skin or mucous membranes, and does not cause corneal opacities. Option D) Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder primarily affecting bone strength and structure due to collagen abnormalities, and it does not directly involve corneal opacities. By understanding these distinctions, nurses can accurately identify the presence of corneal opacities as a potential indicator of Hurler syndrome in pediatric patients. This knowledge informs clinical decision-making, facilitates timely referrals to specialists, and enhances the overall quality of care provided to children with complex health needs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, it is crucial to understand the psychological and emotional well-being of young patients as it can impact their overall health outcomes. In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Separation anxiety, warranting a psychiatric referral in a preschool child. Separation anxiety is a common developmental stage in young children, but if it persists or becomes severe, it can signal underlying emotional or psychological issues that may require professional intervention. Preschool children with cardiovascular disorders may already be dealing with stress and anxiety related to their medical condition, making it essential to address any additional psychological concerns promptly. Option A) Night terrors, while distressing for the child, are typically considered a normal part of childhood development and do not necessarily warrant a psychiatric referral unless they are severe or persistent. Option C) Being scared of ghosts is also a common childhood fear and does not necessarily indicate a need for psychiatric intervention unless it significantly impairs the child's daily functioning. Option D) Masturbation is a normal and natural behavior in young children and does not by itself warrant a psychiatric referral. It is important for healthcare providers to educate parents about age-appropriate sexual development to avoid unnecessary concerns. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing red flags in a child's behavior that may indicate the need for mental health support. By understanding the distinction between typical childhood behaviors and those that may require professional intervention, nurses can play a crucial role in advocating for the holistic well-being of pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the case of acute laryngotracheobronchitis, also known as croup, in children, the correct answer is C) Dexamethasone is known to shorten the duration of illness. Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid that can help reduce airway inflammation, which is a key feature of croup. By decreasing inflammation, dexamethasone can improve symptoms and shorten the duration of the illness. Option A) Needs to be treated by broad-spectrum antibiotics is incorrect because croup is usually caused by a viral infection, not bacteria, so antibiotics are not effective in this case. Option B) Humidified oxygen by tent needs to be administered in infancy is not the first-line treatment for croup. While humidified air can help soothe the airways, it is not the primary treatment for this condition. Option D) Adrenaline by nebulizer is absolutely contraindicated is incorrect. In severe cases of croup where there is significant airway obstruction, nebulized adrenaline (epinephrine) can be a potentially life-saving treatment to help reduce airway swelling and improve breathing. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate treatments for pediatric cardiovascular disorders like croup is crucial for nursing professionals to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients. Knowing the correct medications and interventions can help improve patient outcomes and prevent unnecessary interventions. It is important to stay updated on evidence-based practices to ensure the best care for pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, understanding the pathophysiology of conditions affecting hemoglobin is crucial. The correct answer, option B - β-thalassaemia major, is associated with increased fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels. In β-thalassaemia major, there is a defect in the beta-globin chain synthesis, leading to ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis. To compensate, the body increases the production of fetal hemoglobin, which has a different globin chain composition. Option A - Haemoglobin H disease, is characterized by the deletion of three alpha-globin genes, leading to the formation of abnormal hemoglobin H. This condition does not result in increased fetal hemoglobin levels. Option C - Fanconi's anaemia, is a genetic disorder affecting bone marrow function, leading to aplastic anemia and various congenital anomalies. It is not associated with increased fetal hemoglobin levels. Option D - Pyruvate kinase deficiency, is an enzyme deficiency that leads to hemolytic anemia. While it can result in anemia, it does not cause increased fetal hemoglobin levels. Educationally, understanding the specific hemoglobin changes in different pediatric cardiovascular disorders helps nurses in diagnosis, monitoring, and providing appropriate care to patients. Recognizing the link between β-thalassaemia major and increased fetal hemoglobin levels is essential for managing this condition effectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: ITP is characterized by low platelet counts due to immune-mediated destruction. Splenomegaly is a recognized feature but the other options are incorrect. Recovery is not necessarily faster with more severe disease alloimmunisation is not a feature of ITP and not all children with platelet counts below 50 000 require hospitalization. IV immunoglobulin is not indicated in all cases.