Contraindications for gastric lavage include:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Gastric lavage is contraindicated in cases of altered consciousness, hydrocarbon ingestion, and caustic substances.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A single umbilical artery is associated with an increased risk of occult renal anomalies, as it may indicate underlying developmental abnormalities in the urinary system.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) helps maintain alveolar expansion, reducing barotrauma (damage due to high pressures in the lungs) during mechanical ventilation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Umbilical hernias appearing before 6 months of age often resolve spontaneously and do not require surgical intervention unless complications arise.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis is a severe, chronic allergic eye disease that can cause corneal scarring and vision loss if untreated.