Contraindications for gastric lavage include:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the indications and contraindications for gastric lavage is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children in emergency situations. Gastric lavage, the process of flushing out the stomach, is used in cases of certain poison ingestions. The correct answer, option D (All of the above), is the appropriate choice as all the listed conditions are contraindications for gastric lavage. Option A, Glasgow Coma Scale 5, indicates severe neurological impairment, making the child unable to protect their airway during the procedure, which can lead to aspiration and further complications. Option B, kerosene ingestion, is a petroleum-based product that can cause lung injury if aspirated during the lavage procedure. Option C, ingestion of corrosives, can cause damage to the esophagus, and lavage can further exacerbate the injury by increasing contact with the corrosive substance. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to recognize when gastric lavage is contraindicated to prevent harm to the child. Understanding these contraindications helps nurses make informed decisions and provide appropriate care in poisoning emergencies. By knowing the specific scenarios in which gastric lavage should not be performed, nurses can advocate for alternative treatments and ensure the safety and well-being of their pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the management of hyperkalemia, it is crucial to understand the appropriate lines of treatment to prevent serious complications. The correct answer, B) Beta blockers, is not a typical treatment for hyperkalemia. Beta blockers do not directly impact potassium levels in the body and are not indicated for managing hyperkalemia. A) Calcium gluconate IV is used to stabilize cardiac cell membranes in severe hyperkalemia to prevent cardiac arrhythmias. C) Sodium bicarbonate is used in cases of metabolic acidosis associated with hyperkalemia to help shift potassium into cells. D) Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) is a cation-exchange resin that helps remove potassium from the body through the gastrointestinal tract. Educationally, understanding the treatment options for hyperkalemia is vital for pediatric nurses to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients. Nurses must be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia and implement appropriate interventions promptly to prevent life-threatening complications. It is important to continuously update knowledge on pediatric pharmacology and treatment guidelines to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the most informative diagnostic test explaining the underlying etiology of the patient's presentation is option A) Chromosomal breakage test. This test is crucial in identifying genetic disorders such as Fanconi anemia which presents with physical anomalies like microcephaly, absent thumb, and other congenital malformations. Option B) Hemoglobin electrophoresis is used to diagnose various types of anemia, not genetic disorders like Fanconi anemia. Option C) Schilling test is used to assess vitamin B12 absorption, which is not relevant to the symptoms described. Option D) Osmotic fragility test is used to diagnose conditions like hereditary spherocytosis, which does not align with the patient's symptoms. Educationally, understanding the significance of the Chromosomal breakage test highlights the importance of genetic testing in diagnosing complex conditions in pediatric patients. It also emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to investigating rare genetic disorders that may present with a combination of physical anomalies. This case underscores the role of diagnostic tests in pediatric nursing practice and the importance of considering genetic factors in the differential diagnosis of pediatric patients with multiple congenital anomalies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric Hodgkin's lymphoma, bone marrow infiltration is not a common criterion. This is the correct answer because unlike in adult Hodgkin's lymphoma where bone marrow involvement is common, in pediatric cases it is more rare. Option A is incorrect because pediatric Hodgkin's lymphoma commonly arises in cervical lymph nodes. Option B is incorrect because affected lymph nodes in pediatric Hodgkin's lymphoma are typically rubbery and discrete. Option D is incorrect as pruritis (itching) is indeed one of the B symptoms seen in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Educationally, understanding the criteria for pediatric Hodgkin's lymphoma is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. By knowing the differences between pediatric and adult presentations of the disease, nurses can provide appropriate care and support to these young patients and their families. This knowledge also helps in early identification of symptoms and prompt intervention, leading to better outcomes for the pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Normocytic normochromic anemia refers to a type of anemia where the red blood cells are normal in size and color. In this case, the correct answer is A) Aplastic anemia. Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce an adequate amount of all three types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This leads to a decrease in the number of red blood cells, resulting in normocytic normochromic anemia. Option B) a-Thalassemia is a microcytic hypochromic anemia characterized by small, pale red blood cells, so it is not normocytic normochromic. Option C) Folic acid deficiency anemia is a macrocytic anemia where red blood cells are larger than normal, making it different from normocytic normochromic anemia. Option D) Iron deficiency anemia is also a microcytic hypochromic anemia, not consistent with normocytic normochromic anemia. In an educational context, understanding different types of anemia is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide appropriate care and treatment. Recognizing the characteristics of normocytic normochromic anemia, such as in aplastic anemia, helps nurses in assessing and managing pediatric patients with this condition effectively. It also highlights the importance of conducting thorough assessments and diagnostic tests to identify the specific type of anemia for targeted interventions.