Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) differs from conventional intermittent hemodialysis in that

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because CRRT removes solutes and water slowly over an extended period, providing gentler fluid and solute balance adjustments. A is incorrect because CRRT uses a hemofilter for filtration, not ultrafiltration. B is incorrect because CRRT actually removes solutes and water more slowly than intermittent hemodialysis. C is incorrect because diffusion does occur in CRRT, just at a slower rate compared to intermittent hemodialysis. Therefore, the slower solute and water removal process in CRRT distinguishes it from conventional intermittent hemodialysis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because transcellular fluid refers to fluid that is contained within specific cavities of the body, such as cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and digestive juices. This fluid is not freely exchangeable with other body fluids, so its volume is generally not affected by changes in overall hydration status. A is incorrect because interstitial fluid in the central nervous system is not considered transcellular fluid. B is incorrect because the volume of transcellular fluid can vary based on specific bodily functions. C is incorrect because while transcellular fluid is a component of extracellular fluid, it does not form the largest percentage.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Solution A is 100 times as acidic as Solution B, which means the difference in pH between the two solutions is 2 (since pH is on a logarithmic scale). If Solution A has a pH of 5, Solution B must have a pH that is 2 units higher, resulting in a pH of 7. Therefore, the correct answer is C (pH of 7). Summary: A (pH of 1) and B (pH of 3) are not correct because the difference in acidity between Solution A and B is 2 pH units. D (pH of 10) is not correct as it is not consistent with the given information about the relative acidity of the two solutions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 3% sodium chloride. In extreme excess fluid volume, a hypertonic solution like 3% sodium chloride is used to shrink swollen cells by creating an osmotic gradient that pulls water out of the cells. This solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the intracellular fluid, causing water to move out of the cells and into the bloodstream. Explanation for other choices: A: 0.9% sodium chloride is isotonic and would not pull water out of the cells. B: 5% dextrose and water is isotonic and would not cause water movement out of the cells. D: Lactated Ringer solution is isotonic and would not lead to water leaving the swollen cells.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: She is susceptible to isotonic fluid volume deficit. In Clostridium difficile infection, severe diarrhea can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, causing isotonic fluid volume deficit. This condition can result in hypovolemia and other complications. Choice B is incorrect because isotonic fluid volume excess is not typically associated with Clostridium difficile infection. Choice C is incorrect because third-spacing edema due to plasma protein losses is not a common risk in this scenario. Choice D is incorrect because compensatory fluid volume overload secondary to gastrointestinal water and electrolyte losses is not a typical risk in Clostridium difficile infection.