Consider these medications: carbamazepine, lamotrigine, gabapentin. Which medication below also belongs to this group?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Correct Answer: B (Valproate) Rationale: 1. Valproate is an antiepileptic drug, like carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and gabapentin. 2. All medications listed are commonly used to treat epilepsy and various seizure disorders. 3. Galantamine, Buspirone, and Tacrine are not antiepileptic drugs and do not belong to the same group. 4. Valproate shares similar mechanisms of action and indications with the medications in the group. Summary: Valproate is the correct answer as it shares the same therapeutic class and indications as carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and gabapentin. Galantamine, Buspirone, and Tacrine do not belong to this group and are used for different purposes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Correct Answer: B Rationale: 1. During the sleep cycle, REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep stages become longer in the second half of the night. 2. Dreams predominantly occur during REM sleep, which is associated with vivid dreaming. 3. As the person wakes up from REM sleep, they are more likely to remember the dreams they were having. 4. Feeling like one has been dreaming just before waking up aligns with the longer REM periods in the latter part of the sleep cycle. Summary: A: Incorrect - Slow-wave sleep increases towards the beginning of the sleep cycle, not at the end. C: Incorrect - Dream frequency is not solely based on unresolved conflicts or depression. D: Incorrect - Dream content related to developmental tasks does not explain the feeling of dreaming just before waking up.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Summer. During summer, longer daylight hours and increased sunlight exposure can disrupt the body's natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to more wakefulness. Sunlight also suppresses the production of melatonin, the hormone that regulates sleep. This disruption in melatonin levels can result in difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep. In contrast, winter (B) typically has shorter daylight hours and colder temperatures, encouraging more indoor activities and potentially more restful sleep. Spring (C) and Fall (D) do not have the same level of prolonged daylight exposure as summer, making them less likely to be associated with increased periods of wakefulness.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct initial information the nurse should seek is whether the patient has pain at night (choice D). Pain is a common symptom in rheumatoid arthritis that can disrupt sleep. By understanding the presence and severity of pain at night, the nurse can assess the impact on the patient's sleep quality and develop appropriate interventions. Choices A, B, and C are not as crucial initially because addressing the pain issue is fundamental in managing the patient's sleep disturbances in the context of rheumatoid arthritis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Benzodiazepine. Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed for short-term treatment of insomnia due to their sedative effects. The patient's initial positive response to the medication indicates it was likely a sedative-hypnotic drug like a benzodiazepine. The worsening insomnia and nightmares after discontinuation suggest withdrawal symptoms commonly seen with benzodiazepines. Tricyclic antidepressants (B) and conventional antipsychotics (C) are not typically used as first-line treatments for insomnia. Central nervous system stimulants (D) would exacerbate insomnia rather than improve sleep.