Conjugation of a drug includes the following EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Conjugation involves attaching a molecule to a drug to increase its solubility for elimination. Hydrolysis is not a conjugation process but rather a breakdown of molecules by water. Glucuronidation, sulfation, and methylation are all types of conjugation reactions. Glucuronidation adds a glucuronic acid, sulfation adds a sulfate group, and methylation adds a methyl group to the drug. So, C is the correct answer as it does not involve drug conjugation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Physostigmine is a cholinomimetic agent as it acts by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, leading to increased acetylcholine levels. 2. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that activates cholinergic receptors, mimicking the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. 3. Physostigmine is used in conditions like myasthenia gravis and glaucoma to enhance cholinergic activity. 4. Edrophonium is a short-acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used for diagnostic purposes, not a direct-acting cholinomimetic. 5. Carbachol is a non-selective cholinergic agonist used in ophthalmology and urology, but not directly related to direct-acting cholinomimetic agents.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because scopolamine is actually more potent than atropine in decreasing bronchial, salivary, and sweat gland secretions. The rationale is that scopolamine, being a tertiary amine, has a greater ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and exert stronger central effects compared to atropine. Scopolamine is also more potent in producing mydriasis and cycloplegia due to its greater affinity for muscarinic receptors in the eye muscles. Additionally, scopolamine has lower effects on the heart, bronchial muscle, and intestines compared to atropine. Therefore, B is the correct choice as scopolamine is not less potent in decreasing bronchial, salivary, and sweat gland secretions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Sympathomimetics, such as adrenaline or epinephrine, stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased heart rate (A), vasoconstriction in the peripheral blood vessels (B), and increased venous return to the heart (C). These effects collectively contribute to an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, all three options are correct as sympathomimetics impact the heart, peripheral resistance, and venous return to regulate blood pressure.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Propranolol is a nonselective beta receptor antagonist, blocking both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. 2. Metoprolol and Atenolol are selective beta-1 receptor antagonists. 3. Acebutolol is a partial beta-1 antagonist with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. 4. Propranolol is used for conditions requiring nonselective beta blockade, like hypertension and angina.