Congenital toxoplasmosis is associated with:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Congenital toxoplasmosis is a condition caused by the transmission of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite from mother to fetus during pregnancy. Chorioretinitis, which is inflammation of the choroid and retina in the eye, is a well-known manifestation of congenital toxoplasmosis. This occurs due to the spread of the parasite to the eyes of the developing fetus, leading to visual impairment or blindness if left untreated. Option A, microcephaly, is a condition characterized by an abnormally small head and brain, often associated with Zika virus infection rather than toxoplasmosis. Option C, sore throat, is a non-specific symptom and not a typical presentation of congenital toxoplasmosis. Option D, sacroileitis, refers to inflammation in the sacroiliac joints, which is not a known complication of congenital toxoplasmosis. Educational Context: Understanding the manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for infants and children affected by this condition. Recognizing the signs and symptoms can lead to early detection and appropriate interventions to prevent long-term complications, such as visual impairments. By learning to differentiate between various associated conditions, healthcare professionals can provide optimal care and support to pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children with cardiovascular disorders. In this context, the characteristic sign of hypercalcemia being Trousseau's sign makes option A the correct answer. Trousseau's sign is a clinical indicator of hypocalcemia, not hypercalcemia. It is elicited by inflating a blood pressure cuff on the upper arm, resulting in carpal spasm due to reduced calcium levels in the blood. Therefore, option A is incorrect for hypercalcemia. Chvostek's sign, option B, is associated with hypocalcemia, not hypercalcemia. It is demonstrated by tapping on the facial nerve, resulting in facial muscle twitching due to low calcium levels. Homan's sign, option C, is related to deep vein thrombosis and is not a sign of hypercalcemia. Kussmaul's sign, option D, is seen in metabolic acidosis, particularly in conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis. It involves deep, rapid, and labored breathing patterns to compensate for acidosis and is not indicative of hypercalcemia. Educationally, understanding these signs and their respective conditions is vital for accurate assessment, diagnosis, and intervention in pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders. By differentiating between these signs, nurses can provide timely and appropriate care to ensure optimal outcomes for their pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Turner syndrome is a genetic condition that only affects females, characterized by the absence of part or all of one of the X chromosomes. The correct answer is A) Short stature. This is a hallmark feature of Turner syndrome, with affected individuals typically having short stature and a lack of normal growth spurts during puberty due to ovarian failure. Option B) Polydactyly refers to having extra fingers or toes, which is not a characteristic feature of Turner syndrome. Option C) Congenital heart defects are not specific to Turner syndrome but can be present in some cases. However, short stature is more commonly associated with Turner syndrome. Option D) Mental retardation is not a typical feature of Turner syndrome. Individuals with Turner syndrome usually have normal intelligence, but may experience learning disabilities or difficulties with spatial relationships. Educational context: Understanding the clinical manifestations of genetic disorders like Turner syndrome is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for affected children. Recognizing the key features of Turner syndrome, such as short stature, helps in early identification, appropriate management, and providing necessary support to optimize the child's growth and development. Nurses play a vital role in the multidisciplinary team caring for children with genetic conditions, making accurate knowledge of such conditions essential in delivering quality pediatric care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Klinefelter's syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that occurs in males, where they have an extra X chromosome (47,XXY). The correct answer is B) Is the result of meiotic non-dysjunction. Meiotic non-dysjunction refers to the failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis, leading to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting gametes. In the case of Klinefelter's syndrome, there is an extra X chromosome due to non-disjunction during either the formation of the sperm or the egg. Option A) Has a karyotype XXV is incorrect because individuals with Klinefelter's syndrome have a karyotype of 47,XXY, not XXV. Option C) Shows delay in bone age/maturation is incorrect as delayed bone age/maturation is not a defining characteristic of Klinefelter's syndrome. Option D) Is a recognised cause of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism is incorrect. Klinefelter's syndrome is associated with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism due to testicular failure and elevated levels of gonadotropins. Educationally, understanding Klinefelter's syndrome is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatrics and endocrinology. Recognizing the genetic basis of the condition and its clinical manifestations can aid in early diagnosis and appropriate management, including hormone replacement therapy and fertility options. It also highlights the importance of genetic counseling for affected individuals and their families.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the impact of acute graft-versus-host reaction on organ systems is crucial. The correct answer is A) Skin. In acute graft-versus-host reaction, the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's tissues, particularly affecting organs with high cellular turnover like the skin. Option B) Renal system is incorrect because acute graft-versus-host reaction typically does not primarily target the kidneys. Option C) Gut is incorrect as well, although gastrointestinal symptoms can occur, the skin is more prominently affected. Option D) CNS is also incorrect as the central nervous system is not a chief organ system affected in this type of reaction. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the manifestations of acute graft-versus-host reaction in pediatric patients, particularly the dermatologic symptoms. Understanding the specific organ systems involved can guide nursing interventions and help provide holistic care to these vulnerable patients.