Congenital lesions that usually present with vomiting during the first three days of life include

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Congenital lesions causing vomiting in the first three days include pyloric stenosis and intestinal atresia. Pyloric stenosis typically presents with non-bilious projectile vomiting in the first few weeks of life, while intestinal atresia presents with bilious vomiting shortly after birth. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as both conditions can manifest with vomiting within the first three days of life. Choice A and B alone are incorrect because they each only represent one of the conditions, and choice D is incorrect as both conditions can present with vomiting in the specified time frame.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) Lactase, maltase, and sucrase enzymes are secreted in the small intestine to break down lactose, maltose, and sucrose into simpler sugars for absorption. B) Glucose and amino acids absorption occurs via active transport, not simple diffusion. C) Bile pigments are not completely absorbed; they aid in fat digestion. D) Fat absorption is primarily a passive process, with some active transport involved, but it does not require a Na co-transport system.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the upper ileum. It binds to Vitamin B12, allowing it to be absorbed. Vitamin D (Choice A) is absorbed in the small intestine but does not require intrinsic factor. Amino acids (Choice B) are absorbed in the small intestine but not dependent on intrinsic factor. Choice D is incorrect as intrinsic factor is specifically necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B12.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Breakdown of carbohydrates. Amylase is an enzyme that specifically targets and breaks down carbohydrates like starch into simpler sugars like glucose. This breakdown process starts in the mouth during chewing and continues in the small intestine. Amylase plays a crucial role in the digestion of carbohydrates, facilitating their absorption by the body. Incorrect choices: A: Breakdown of proteins - Proteins are broken down by enzymes like pepsin and trypsin, not by amylase. C: Breakdown of fats - Fats are broken down by lipase enzymes, not by amylase. D: Absorption of water - Water absorption primarily occurs in the large intestine and is not a function of amylase in digestion.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Right after awakening in the morning. This is because the gastrocolic reflex is most active in the morning, leading to increased bowel motility. This reflex is triggered by the presence of food in the stomach and helps facilitate bowel evacuation. Attempting defecation in the morning takes advantage of this natural reflex, making it easier for the patient to have a bowel movement. A: In the middle of the night - Incorrect. Bowel motility is typically lowest during nighttime hours, making it less likely for the patient to have a successful bowel movement. B: In the afternoon - Incorrect. Bowel motility tends to decrease throughout the day, making it less optimal for promoting bowel evacuation. C: After eating breakfast - Incorrect. While eating can stimulate bowel movement, the gastrocolic reflex is most active in the morning, making this a suboptimal time for defecation.