Conditions to Screen for in an 80-year-old

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and health promotion in nursing, screening for conditions in an 80-year-old is crucial for providing safe and effective care. The correct answer, A) Polypharmacy, is the most appropriate condition to screen for in an older adult population. Polypharmacy, or the use of multiple medications concurrently, is common in older adults and can lead to adverse drug reactions, drug interactions, and medication non-adherence. It is essential to assess for polypharmacy in the elderly to optimize medication regimens, minimize side effects, and prevent potential harm. Option B) Kidney failure is less likely to be a routine screening consideration in an 80-year-old without a specific indication or risk factors present. While kidney function should be monitored in older adults due to age-related changes, it may not be the primary condition to screen for in this scenario. Options C) Illegal drug use and D) Alcoholism are important health issues to address in any population, including older adults. However, in the context of routine screenings for an 80-year-old, polypharmacy takes precedence due to its direct relevance to medication management and potential health risks associated with multiple drug use. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind prioritizing screenings based on age, risk factors, and relevance to pharmacological interventions enhances nursing practice. By focusing on polypharmacy in older adults, nurses can proactively identify and address medication-related concerns, promote patient safety, and optimize health outcomes in this vulnerable population.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and health promotion, educating high school students about violence is crucial for fostering a safe and healthy community. Option A, "Violent behavior happens when someone bullies another person," is the correct answer because it accurately defines a form of violent behavior that is prevalent among adolescents. Bullying is a significant issue that can have serious physical and psychological consequences for both the victim and the perpetrator. Option B, "Withholding food from a child as a punishment is violent behavior," is incorrect because while it is a form of abuse, it may not always be classified as violent behavior. Violence typically involves physical force or harm inflicted on another person. Option C, "Collective violence occurs during an argument between two people," is incorrect as collective violence refers to violence committed by groups rather than individuals involved in an argument. Option D, "Painting a racial slur on a building is violent behavior," is incorrect as this action is more accurately categorized as a hate crime or a form of discrimination rather than physical violence. By choosing option A as the correct answer, students can understand the specific behaviors that constitute violence, helping them identify, prevent, and address such actions in their communities. Educating students on violence is essential for promoting a culture of respect, empathy, and non-violence among young individuals.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and health promotion in nursing, it is crucial to understand the concept of illness and its implications for patient care. The correct answer, option C, "Someone with a headache," best describes a client who has an illness. This is because a headache is a symptom of an underlying health issue, indicating a deviation from the normal state of health. Option A, "Someone who has well-controlled diabetes," does not describe an illness per se but rather a chronic condition that is managed effectively. In this case, the individual is actively controlling their diabetes, which does not represent an acute illness. Option B, "Someone with hypercholesterolemia," similarly describes a chronic condition characterized by high cholesterol levels rather than an acute illness. While hypercholesterolemia is a health concern, it is not synonymous with an illness in the same way as a headache. Option D, "Someone with coronary artery disease without angina," describes a chronic cardiovascular condition but specifically mentions the absence of angina, which is a symptom of reduced blood flow to the heart. Without angina, the individual may not be experiencing an acute manifestation of their coronary artery disease, making it less indicative of an illness compared to a headache. Understanding the distinction between chronic conditions, symptoms, and acute illnesses is essential for nurses to provide appropriate pharmacological interventions and health promotion strategies. By recognizing the nature of different health states, nurses can tailor their care plans to address the unique needs of patients experiencing various health conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In a health promotion nursing program for individuals with diabetes, assessing the knowledge level of the participants should be the initial action taken by the nurse to ensure the success of the program. Understanding the baseline knowledge of the individuals will help the nurse tailor the educational content to meet their specific needs. By identifying what individuals already know, the nurse can focus on filling gaps in knowledge, providing relevant information, and avoiding unnecessary repetition. Assessing motivation level (option A) is important, but without knowing the participants' knowledge level first, it may be challenging to effectively tailor motivational strategies. Establishing teacher-learner goals (option C) is premature without assessing the starting point of the individuals' knowledge. Establishing multiple teaching sessions (option D) may be necessary eventually, but it should come after understanding the participants' knowledge gaps and learning needs to plan the sessions effectively. In an educational context, starting with assessing knowledge aligns with the principles of adult learning theory, where building on existing knowledge and addressing individual needs are key to effective teaching and learning. By starting with a knowledge assessment, the nurse can create a more targeted and impactful educational program for individuals with diabetes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, option D, offering a gift card for $10 to a local grocery store for every week the woman is smoke-free, may have the most influence in changing her health behavior. This is based on the principles of positive reinforcement, a behavioral strategy proven effective in promoting behavior change. By providing a tangible reward linked directly to the desired behavior (quitting smoking), the woman is more likely to be motivated and committed to achieving the goal. Option A, educating her on the effects of smoking on her health, is important but may not be as immediately motivating as a tangible reward. The woman may already be aware of the risks of smoking, but behavior change is complex and often requires more than just knowledge. Option B, the satisfaction of not contributing to secondhand smoke, is a noble reason but may not provide the immediate, tangible incentive needed for behavior change. Option C, the availability of a weekly support group, is beneficial for long-term behavior change and emotional support but may not offer the same immediate reward that option D provides. In an educational context, it is essential to understand the principles of behavior change and motivation when designing interventions. Positive reinforcement, as demonstrated in option D, can be a powerful tool in promoting health behavior change by providing immediate, tangible rewards linked to desired behaviors.