Concerning SLE:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), alopecia (hair loss) is a recognized finding due to the autoimmune nature of the condition. The correct answer is D because hair loss can occur in SLE patients. Option A is incorrect as antibodies against double standard RNA are not a typical finding in SLE, while option B is incorrect as haematoxylin bodies are not characteristic of SLE. Option C is also incorrect as SLE does not usually progress to renal failure within two years. Educationally, understanding the clinical manifestations of SLE is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatrics, where early detection and management are vital. Teaching students to recognize the common presentations of SLE, such as alopecia, can aid in prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment. This question reinforces the importance of recognizing key clinical features of SLE in a pediatric population, helping students develop a comprehensive understanding of the condition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Ventricular septal defect. Evidence of increased pulmonary flow is associated with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) in pediatric cardiovascular conditions. A VSD allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, leading to increased blood volume in the right side of the heart and subsequently increased pulmonary blood flow. This results in symptoms such as a loud holosystolic murmur and signs of congestive heart failure in infants. Now, let's analyze why the other options are incorrect: A) Coarctation of the aorta: This condition involves a narrowing of the aorta, leading to increased blood pressure in the upper extremities and decreased blood flow to the lower extremities. It is not associated with increased pulmonary flow. B) Fallot's tetralogy: This congenital heart defect consists of four abnormalities, including pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, VSD, and an overriding aorta. It is not directly associated with increased pulmonary flow. C) Pneumocystis infection: This is a type of pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii, which primarily affects immunocompromised individuals. It is not related to increased pulmonary flow in the context of pediatric cardiovascular conditions. Educational context: Understanding the hemodynamic consequences of different congenital heart defects is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with cardiovascular conditions. Recognizing the association between a VSD and increased pulmonary flow helps nurses provide appropriate care and anticipate potential complications in these patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is option D) Meningomyelocele. Elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels are associated with neural tube defects such as meningomyelocele. AFP is produced by the fetal liver and yolk sac, and elevated levels can indicate issues with the developing fetus. Option A) Trisomy 21 is incorrect because it is associated with elevated maternal serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), not AFP. Option B) Exomphalos is incorrect because it is associated with defects in the abdominal wall, not with elevated AFP levels. Option C) Marfan syndrome is incorrect as it is a genetic connective tissue disorder and is not related to elevated AFP levels. In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the significance of maternal serum AFP levels can help nurses in assessing the risk of neural tube defects in the fetus. This knowledge is crucial for providing appropriate prenatal care and counseling to families. It also highlights the importance of early detection and intervention in cases of neural tube defects.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Selenium deficiency. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a method of providing nutrition intravenously to patients who are unable to tolerate oral or enteral feeding. Long-term TPN administration can lead to selenium deficiency due to the lack of this essential mineral in TPN solutions. Selenium is crucial for antioxidant defense and proper immune function, and deficiency can result in complications such as cardiac dysfunction and muscle weakness. Option B) Abnormal liver function tests may occur with long-term TPN administration, but it is not a direct complication of TPN itself. Liver issues can arise due to factors like infection, metabolic disorders, or medications, rather than selenium deficiency. Option C) Osteopaenia, or decreased bone density, is not a common complication of long-term TPN administration. Calcium and vitamin D deficiencies are more closely linked to osteopaenia than selenium deficiency. Option D) Renal failure is not a typical complication of long-term TPN administration. Renal failure is more commonly associated with conditions like hypertension, diabetes, or certain medications, rather than selenium deficiency from TPN. Educationally, understanding the potential complications of long-term TPN administration is crucial for healthcare professionals caring for patients on TPN. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of selenium deficiency and other nutrient deficiencies can aid in early intervention and prevention of serious complications. Monitoring and managing nutritional status are essential aspects of providing care for patients receiving TPN to optimize outcomes and minimize risks.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Are associated with other generalised seizures in most cases. Generalized absence seizures are typically associated with other types of generalized seizures, such as tonic-clonic seizures. This association is important for healthcare providers to recognize because it can impact the overall management and treatment approach for the patient. Option A) Are usually atypical in type is incorrect because generalized absence seizures are typically considered typical, characterized by a brief loss of awareness or responsiveness. Option B) CT scan shows abnormalities in around 25-30% of cases is incorrect because absence seizures do not typically show structural abnormalities on imaging studies like CT scans. They are usually diagnosed based on clinical presentation and EEG findings. Option C) Can be diagnosed in the absence of a typical EEG pattern with great certainty is incorrect because EEG findings are crucial in diagnosing absence seizures. A typical EEG pattern showing generalized spike-and-wave discharges is often required for a definitive diagnosis. Educationally, understanding the characteristics and associations of different types of seizures, including generalized absence seizures, is vital for healthcare providers, especially those working with pediatric patients. Recognizing the typical features and diagnostic criteria for absence seizures can lead to appropriate management strategies and improved outcomes for patients.