Concerning Ebstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis):

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of Ebstein-Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis) and its presentation in pediatric patients, option A is the correct answer. The presence of petechiae between the hard and soft palate is a characteristic finding in infectious mononucleosis, known as Forchheimer spots. This is due to the rupturing of small blood vessels in the oral mucosa, leading to the development of petechiae. This clinical manifestation is important in diagnosing infectious mononucleosis in children. Options B, C, and D are incorrect: - Option B is incorrect because a rash following the administration of penicillin V is not a characteristic feature of infectious mononucleosis. Penicillin V is not typically associated with a rash in the context of this viral infection. - Option C is incorrect because Guillain-Barre syndrome is not a recognized sequel of infectious mononucleosis. Guillain-Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system and is not directly linked to Ebstein-Barr virus infection. - Option D is incorrect because while hepatitis can occur in some cases of infectious mononucleosis, it is not considered a common feature of the disease. The most common hepatic manifestation in infectious mononucleosis is transient hepatitis, which is usually mild and self-limiting. In an educational context, understanding the characteristic clinical manifestations of infectious mononucleosis, such as Forchheimer spots, helps pediatric nurses and healthcare providers in making an accurate diagnosis and providing appropriate care to pediatric patients. This knowledge is crucial for effective patient management, including appropriate treatment and monitoring for potential complications associated with the infection.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Galactosaemia is a rare genetic disorder where the body is unable to process galactose, a sugar found in milk. The correct answer is A) Exhibits autosomal recessive inheritance. This means that the gene responsible for galactosaemia is located on an autosomal chromosome and two copies of the defective gene (one from each parent) are needed for the condition to manifest. Option B) Is associated with cataracts is incorrect, as cataracts are a complication of galactosaemia, not a defining characteristic. Option C) Results in a low glucose level is incorrect because galactosaemia leads to an accumulation of galactose metabolites, not a decrease in glucose levels. Option D) Is due to an inability to convert galactose into glucose is partially correct as it describes the underlying cause of galactosaemia, but it does not address the inheritance pattern. Understanding the inheritance pattern of genetic disorders like galactosaemia is crucial for healthcare providers, especially in pediatric nursing. Knowing that galactosaemia follows an autosomal recessive pattern helps in genetic counseling, family education, and early detection of the condition in newborn screening programs. This knowledge can guide appropriate interventions and dietary management to prevent complications associated with galactosaemia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric pharmacology, understanding the role of vitamin K is crucial for ensuring optimal health outcomes, especially in newborns. The correct answer, option C, states that after infancy, most vitamin K is synthesized by the gut flora. This is accurate because newborns have limited stores of vitamin K at birth and rely on gut bacteria to produce it, making them vulnerable to vitamin K deficiency-related issues like bleeding disorders. Option A, stating that vitamin K is a water-soluble vitamin, is incorrect. Vitamin K is actually a fat-soluble vitamin, crucial for blood clotting and bone health. Option B, claiming that vitamin K is found mainly in red meat, is also incorrect. While some dietary sources of vitamin K include green leafy vegetables, fish, and meat, the main dietary source is not limited to red meat. Option D, suggesting that low levels of vitamin K after birth may lead to intracerebral hemorrhage, is incorrect. Inadequate levels of vitamin K can indeed result in bleeding disorders, but intracerebral hemorrhage specifically is associated with vitamin K deficiency in newborns, not just low levels after birth. Educationally, this question highlights the significance of vitamin K in pediatric care, emphasizing the need for awareness of its sources, functions, and implications for newborn health. Understanding the specific role of gut flora in synthesizing vitamin K post-infancy is essential for healthcare providers working with pediatric populations to prevent and address potential deficiencies that could lead to serious complications like bleeding disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In managing a patient with an INR of 8.7 from warfarin overdose, the correct answer is A) Vitamin K. Warfarin is an anticoagulant that works by inhibiting the synthesis of Vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Therefore, the administration of Vitamin K can help reverse the effects of warfarin by replenishing the depleted Vitamin K levels and restoring clotting factors' function. Option B) Cryoprecipitate contains fibrinogen and other clotting factors but is not the first-line treatment for warfarin overdose. Fresh frozen plasma (Option C) contains various clotting factors, but Vitamin K is more specific and effective in reversing warfarin's anticoagulant effects. Desmopressin (Option D) is used for certain bleeding disorders like von Willebrand disease and hemophilia A, not for warfarin overdose. Educationally, understanding the reversal agents for anticoagulants like warfarin is crucial for nurses, especially in pediatric cardiovascular care. It is important to know the specific antidotes and their mechanisms of action to provide prompt and effective treatment in clinical practice. Recognizing the appropriate interventions can prevent complications and ensure positive patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the appropriate routes of drug administration is crucial for safe and effective care. In the context of the given question on drugs administered subcutaneously, the correct answer is A) Human GH (growth hormone). Human GH is typically administered subcutaneously because it is a large protein molecule that would be destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract if taken orally. Subcutaneous administration allows for slow and sustained absorption, making it an ideal route for this type of medication. On the other hand, options B) Insulin and C) Human erythropoietin are commonly administered subcutaneously as well. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, and subcutaneous administration provides a rapid onset of action. Human erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, and subcutaneous administration allows for easy and convenient dosing. Option D) Hepatitis B vaccine, however, is typically administered via intramuscular injection, not subcutaneously. Intramuscular administration helps promote a robust immune response necessary for vaccination. Understanding the appropriate routes of drug administration in pediatrics is essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of medications. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about which drugs are suitable for subcutaneous administration and understand the rationale behind each route to provide optimal care for pediatric patients.