Concerning bulimia nervosa:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the effects of bulimia nervosa on a patient's health is crucial. The correct answer, option B, "Patients may get hypokalemia," is the most relevant in this scenario. Bulimia nervosa, characterized by binge-eating followed by purging behaviors, can lead to electrolyte imbalances, including hypokalemia, due to repeated vomiting or laxative abuse. This can have serious cardiovascular implications such as arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, making it essential for nurses to monitor and address this complication in pediatric patients with bulimia nervosa. Option A, "Review of teeth may aid diagnosis," is incorrect as dental issues like erosion of tooth enamel are more commonly associated with bulimia nervosa, rather than aiding in diagnosis. Option C, "Patients are likely to neglect their appearance," while a common stereotype, is not a typical characteristic of bulimia nervosa and can lead to misconceptions and stigmatization. Option D, "There is an association with calluses on the dorsum of hands," is more indicative of a behavior like self-induced vomiting in disorders like bulimia nervosa, but it is not as directly linked to the cardiovascular complications that hypokalemia can cause. In an educational context, it is important for pediatric nurses to have a comprehensive understanding of eating disorders like bulimia nervosa, their potential complications, and appropriate interventions to provide holistic care to their patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia in patients with bulimia nervosa is essential for early detection and effective management to prevent serious cardiovascular consequences.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children is crucial for providing holistic care. Option A, stating that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders is higher in urban than in rural areas, is correct. This is supported by research showing that factors like socioeconomic status, access to mental health services, and environmental stressors in urban settings contribute to higher rates of psychiatric disorders in children. Option B, stating that psychiatric disorders are increased in children with moderate learning difficulties, is incorrect. While there may be a correlation between learning difficulties and psychiatric disorders, it is not a definitive relationship, and children with learning difficulties may or may not have psychiatric disorders. Option C, suggesting that psychiatric disorders are increased in severe physical disability, is also incorrect. While children with severe physical disabilities may face unique challenges that can impact their mental health, the presence of a physical disability alone does not necessarily lead to a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders. Option D, claiming that psychiatric disorders are higher in children in social service care, is also incorrect. While children in social service care may face adversity and trauma that can contribute to mental health issues, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in this population is not universally higher than in other groups of children. Educationally, understanding the social determinants of health and how they influence the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in pediatric populations is essential for nurses caring for children with cardiovascular disorders. This knowledge can help nurses provide more comprehensive and individualized care that addresses not only physical health but also mental and emotional well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the implications of Mycoplasma pneumonia is crucial. The correct answer, option B, stating that cold hemagglutinin antibodies are a recognized finding in Mycoplasma pneumonia, is supported by the fact that this atypical pneumonia can lead to the production of cold agglutinins, which are antibodies that agglutinate red blood cells at temperatures below normal body temperature. Option A, stating that Mycoplasma pneumonia is associated with bullous myringitis, is incorrect. Bullous myringitis is typically associated with infections caused by viruses or bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rather than Mycoplasma pneumonia. Option C, suggesting that Guillain-Barre syndrome is a recognized sequel of Mycoplasma pneumonia, is also incorrect. Guillain-Barre syndrome is more commonly associated with infections like Campylobacter jejuni or Zika virus, rather than Mycoplasma pneumonia. Finally, option D, stating that Mycoplasma pneumonia is associated with erythema marginatum, is incorrect. Erythema marginatum is a skin finding seen in rheumatic fever, which is typically caused by group A Streptococcus, not Mycoplasma pneumonia. Understanding these distinctions is vital for pediatric nurses caring for patients with cardiovascular disorders, as it informs their assessment, diagnostic reasoning, and treatment planning when managing children with Mycoplasma pneumonia. This knowledge helps ensure accurate identification of symptoms, appropriate interventions, and effective care delivery.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: the affected protein in cystic fibrosis (CF) is the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which is a chloride channel, not a sodium channel. The other options are incorrect: (a) The commonest mutation in Caucasians is ΔF508, not ~F-580. (b) Parents of an affected child are typically carriers and do not show symptoms. (c) Prenatal diagnosis is not possible in all cases due to the vast number of mutations. (d) There are over 2000 known mutations causing CF.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the rationale behind specific investigations for children on Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is crucial for providing safe and effective care. In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Serum iron. Explanation: 1. Serum iron: In a child receiving TPN for an extended period, serum iron levels are typically monitored regularly as part of routine care. An additional test for serum iron may not be necessary unless there are specific clinical indications suggesting iron deficiency or overload. 2. Serum selenium (Option A): Selenium is an essential trace element that plays a role in antioxidant defense mechanisms. In children on TPN, monitoring selenium levels can help prevent deficiency-related complications. 3. Serum manganese (Option B): Manganese is another essential trace element necessary for normal growth and development. Monitoring manganese levels in children on long-term TPN can help identify deficiencies or toxicities. 4. Serum calcium (Option D): Calcium is crucial for bone health and muscle function. Children on TPN are at risk of calcium imbalances, so monitoring serum calcium levels is essential to prevent hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia. Educational Context: Understanding the rationale for specific investigations in pediatric patients on TPN is vital for nurses and healthcare providers. By knowing which laboratory tests are essential and which may not be necessary based on the clinical scenario, healthcare professionals can optimize care, reduce unnecessary testing, and ensure the best outcomes for pediatric patients.