Complications of over treatment with thyroxine include the following except:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Auricular fibrillation is not a complication of overtreatment with thyroxine. Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone that can increase heart rate and cardiac output, potentially leading to complications such as angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, and acceleration of atherosclerosis. However, auricular fibrillation, also known as atrial fibrillation, is not directly caused by thyroxine over-treatment. It is important to differentiate between the potential complications of thyroxine therapy to ensure proper management and avoid unnecessary risks to the patient's health.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 60 days. This is because the physical half-life of a radioactive substance refers to the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms to decay. In the case of 131I, it has a physical half-life of 8 days. However, 131I undergoes beta decay to form stable xenon-131, which has a longer half-life. Therefore, the effective half-life of 131I is longer, approximately 60 days. Summary: A: 8 hours - Incorrect, too short for the physical half-life of 131I. B: 8 days - Partially correct, but the effective half-life is longer. C: 16 days - Incorrect, not the effective half-life of 131I. D: 60 days - Correct, reflects the effective half-life of 131I due to its decay process.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Facilitation of neoglucogenesis by liver. Insulin's main role is to lower blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells (A) and glycogen synthesis in the liver (B), and inhibiting lipolysis in adipose tissue (D). Neoglucogenesis is the process of synthesizing new glucose molecules, which is not a function of insulin. Therefore, choice C is incorrect as insulin does not facilitate neoglucogenesis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 8-10 hours. Lente insulin is a type of intermediate-acting insulin that typically lasts around 8-10 hours. This is because it is a mixture of insulin crystals and zinc, which delays its absorption and extends its duration of action. Choice A (2-4 hours) is too short for lente insulin. Choice C (20-24 hours) and D (30-36 hours) are too long for lente insulin, which is considered intermediate-acting. Therefore, the correct answer is B as it aligns with the expected duration of action for lente insulin.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Insulin therapy is required for patients with ketoacidosis to lower blood glucose levels. Patients undergoing surgery may need insulin to manage blood sugar fluctuations. Pregnant diabetics often require insulin to maintain stable blood sugar levels for fetal health. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as all the mentioned categories of type 2 diabetes patients may benefit from insulin therapy. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because insulin therapy may be necessary for each of these specific patient groups due to their unique medical needs related to type 2 diabetes.