Complications of an infant of a diabetic mother include:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In infants of diabetic mothers, complications can arise due to exposure to high glucose levels in utero. Hypoglycemia is the correct answer because these infants are at risk of having low blood sugar levels after birth. This is because they have been producing extra insulin in response to the high maternal glucose levels during pregnancy. Once born, their insulin production continues at a high rate, leading to rapid utilization of glucose and subsequent hypoglycemia. Hypocalcemia (Option B) is not a typical complication seen in infants of diabetic mothers. Hyperinsulinemia (Option C) is a related issue, but the question specifically asks about complications, and hyperinsulinemia is more of a physiological response rather than a complication in this context. Jaundice (Option D) can occur in infants of diabetic mothers but is not as directly associated with maternal diabetes as hypoglycemia. Educationally, understanding the complications of infants born to diabetic mothers is crucial for pediatric nurses. It highlights the importance of close monitoring of blood glucose levels in these infants postnatally and the need for prompt intervention to prevent hypoglycemia-related complications. This knowledge is essential for providing safe and effective care to this vulnerable population.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the mechanisms of action of antibiotics is crucial for safe and effective patient care. In this question, the correct answer is C) Azithromycin. Azithromycin interferes with bacterial translation by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thus inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Penicillin (Option A) works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, targeting the enzyme transpeptidase. This mechanism is different from interfering with bacterial translation, making it an incorrect choice for this question. Ceftriaxone (Option B) belongs to the cephalosporin class of antibiotics and works by disrupting bacterial cell wall synthesis, similar to penicillin. It does not interfere with bacterial translation, so it is not the correct answer in this case. Ciprofloxacin (Option D) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis by targeting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It does not interfere with bacterial translation like azithromycin does. Educationally, understanding the specific mechanisms of action of antibiotics helps nurses make informed decisions when administering these medications to pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders. It also reinforces the importance of selecting the right antibiotic based on the specific bacterial target to ensure optimal treatment outcomes and prevent antibiotic resistance.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the associations between certain conditions and clinical presentations like microcephaly is crucial for accurate assessment and care planning. In this case, the correct answer is B) Congenital rubella. Rubella is known to cause congenital anomalies, including microcephaly, due to the teratogenic effects of the virus on fetal brain development. A) Dandy-Walker malformation is a congenital brain malformation involving the cerebellum and fluid-filled spaces around it. While it can present with neurological deficits, it is not typically associated with microcephaly. C) Rett syndrome is a genetic disorder that primarily affects girls and is characterized by developmental regression, repetitive hand movements, and intellectual disability. Microcephaly is not a common feature of Rett syndrome. D) Edward's syndrome, also known as trisomy 18, is a chromosomal disorder associated with multiple congenital anomalies and intellectual disability. While individuals with trisomy 18 may have a small head size, it is not specifically linked to microcephaly. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the diverse etiologies of microcephaly in pediatric patients. It reinforces the need for nurses to have a strong understanding of different conditions, their clinical presentations, and associated anomalies to provide holistic and individualized care to pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders and other comorbidities.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by high levels of potassium in the blood, which can have serious implications, especially in pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders. The correct answer, option A, "Is exacerbated by acidosis," is accurate because acidosis can lead to a shift of potassium from inside the cells to the extracellular space, increasing serum potassium levels and worsening hyperkalemia. Option B, "Is a finding in Conn's syndrome," is incorrect because Conn's syndrome, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism, is associated with hypokalemia due to excessive potassium excretion. Option C, "ECG findings include peaked tall T-waves," is a characteristic ECG finding in hyperkalemia, not necessarily a defining feature. Other ECG changes in hyperkalemia include prolonged PR interval, widened QRS complex, and eventually sine wave pattern. Option D, "Should be treated if serum K+ > 6mmol/l," is incorrect because the treatment of hyperkalemia is not solely based on serum potassium levels but also on the presence of ECG changes and clinical symptoms. Immediate treatment may be required in severe cases, regardless of the exact potassium level. Educational context: Understanding the pathophysiology of hyperkalemia is crucial in pediatric nursing, especially in the context of cardiovascular disorders where electrolyte imbalances can have significant effects on cardiac function. Nurses must be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia, interpret ECG changes, and understand the appropriate interventions to prevent complications and provide safe patient care. This knowledge ensures prompt identification and management of hyperkalemia to optimize patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In diagnosing Kawasaki disease in a child, the correct option is A) Fever > 3 days' duration, > 38°C. This is a key diagnostic criterion for Kawasaki disease. The prolonged fever, typically lasting for at least 5 days, is a hallmark feature of this condition. The fever is usually high-grade, persisting despite treatment with antipyretics. Option B) Purulent conjunctivitis is not a specific diagnostic criterion for Kawasaki disease. While conjunctivitis can occur in Kawasaki disease, it is more commonly associated with other conditions like bacterial infections. Option C) Thrombocytosis is a common laboratory finding in Kawasaki disease but is not a defining diagnostic criterion. Thrombocytosis is an elevated platelet count and can be seen in various inflammatory conditions. Option D) Polymorphous rash is another characteristic feature of Kawasaki disease, but it is not specific to this condition. The rash in Kawasaki disease typically presents as a maculopapular rash, which can be confused with other viral exanthems. Educationally, understanding the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease is crucial for pediatric nurses. Recognizing the constellation of symptoms, especially the prolonged fever, is essential for early identification and prompt treatment to prevent complications like coronary artery aneurysms. Nurses play a vital role in assessing and monitoring pediatric patients, making accurate clinical judgments, and advocating for appropriate interventions in Kawasaki disease cases.