Comorbidities are commonly encountered in children with autism, especially other psychiatric disorders. Of the following, the MOST commonly associated disease with autism is

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding comorbidities in children with autism is crucial for providing comprehensive care. The correct answer, "D) obsessive-compulsive disorder," is the most commonly associated disease with autism due to overlapping symptoms and shared neurobiological pathways. Children with autism often exhibit repetitive behaviors and restricted interests, which align with OCD symptoms. Option A, "mental retardation," while seen in some cases, is not the most commonly associated disease. With advances in understanding and diagnosis, the term "mental retardation" has been replaced with intellectual disability to reflect a broader understanding of cognitive impairments. Option B, "seizure disorder," although seen in a subset of children with autism, is not the most commonly associated disease. While there is an increased prevalence of epilepsy in individuals with autism, it is not the primary comorbidity. Option C, "anxiety disorders," are prevalent in children with autism, but obsessive-compulsive disorder is more commonly associated. Anxiety is a broad category, and while some children with autism may experience anxiety disorders, OCD has a more specific and frequent association. Understanding these associations is essential for nurses caring for children with autism. By recognizing common comorbidities like OCD, nurses can provide holistic care, address overlapping symptoms, and advocate for appropriate interventions to improve quality of life for these children.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Enuresis is defined as involuntary urination in children beyond the age when bladder control is expected. The correct answer is A) wetting 2 times per week for 3 consecutive months. This definition aligns with the criteria set by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) for diagnosing enuresis. It specifies both the frequency and duration required for a diagnosis of enuresis. Option B) wetting 2 times per week for any 3 months in a year is incorrect because enuresis is diagnosed based on consecutive months of bedwetting, not sporadic occurrences throughout the year. Option C) not being dry at 3 years of age is incorrect because it overlooks the developmental variability in achieving nighttime bladder control. It is considered normal for children to achieve bladder control at different ages. Option D) not being dry at 5 years of age is incorrect because this age is beyond the typical window for nighttime bladder control to be established. Enuresis is typically diagnosed in children older than 5 years who continue to experience bedwetting. Understanding the criteria for diagnosing enuresis is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide appropriate care and support to children and families dealing with this condition. It helps in differentiating between normal developmental variations and potential underlying issues that may require intervention. By knowing the correct diagnostic criteria, nurses can offer effective strategies and support to manage and treat enuresis in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the characteristics of major depression in children is crucial for early detection and intervention. The correct answer, option D, stating "no risk of depression in adulthood," is accurate because major depression in children can indeed persist into adulthood if left untreated. This highlights the importance of recognizing and addressing depression in children to prevent long-term mental health issues. Option A, "a strong genetic component," is a common misconception as while genetics can play a role in predisposing individuals to depression, it is not a definitive factor and there are many other contributing factors such as environment and life experiences. Option B, "never beginning before adolescence," is incorrect as major depression can indeed manifest in children, even at a young age. Early onset depression in childhood is a serious issue that requires attention and appropriate management. Option C, "absence of hallucinations," is also incorrect because some children with major depression can experience psychotic symptoms like hallucinations, though it is not a defining characteristic of depression in children. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to be able to identify the signs and symptoms of major depression in children, as well as understand the potential long-term implications if left untreated. Early recognition and intervention can significantly improve outcomes for children with depression, emphasizing the critical role of healthcare providers in the mental well-being of pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the case of acute ingestion of inorganic mercury salts, particularly from a button battery, the correct manifestation that can occur within a few hours is corrosive gastroenteritis (Option D). This is because the battery casing can break down in the stomach, releasing the toxic contents leading to severe damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Option A (tremor) and Option B (neuropsychiatric disturbances) are incorrect as immediate symptoms of mercury salt ingestion. These symptoms are more commonly associated with chronic mercury exposure rather than acute ingestion. Option C (gingivostomatitis) is also incorrect as a manifestation of acute ingestion of inorganic mercury salts. Gingivostomatitis refers to inflammation of the gums and oral mucosa, which is not typically a direct effect of mercury salt ingestion. Educationally, understanding the specific manifestations of acute mercury salt ingestion is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide prompt and appropriate care. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of corrosive gastroenteritis can help healthcare providers intervene swiftly and effectively to mitigate the damage caused by the ingestion of toxic substances like mercury salts, especially in pediatric patients who may accidentally ingest such hazardous materials.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Pasteurella species. In the context of cat bites, Pasteurella species are the most common microorganisms associated with infections. This is due to Pasteurella organisms being present in the mouths of cats, making them likely to be transmitted during a bite. Option A) Staphylococcus species and Option B) Streptococcus species are less commonly associated with cat bites compared to Pasteurella. While these organisms can cause infections, they are not as prevalent in cat bite injuries. Option C) Eikenella species is also sometimes seen in human bite wounds but is not typically associated with cat bites. In the case of cat bites, Pasteurella species are the primary concern due to their presence in the oral cavity of cats. In a pediatric nursing context, understanding the common microorganisms associated with animal bites is crucial for providing appropriate treatment. Recognizing that Pasteurella species are the most common pathogens in cat bites allows healthcare providers to make informed decisions regarding antibiotic therapy and wound management to prevent complications such as infection and abscess formation.