Common unwanted effects of the dihydropyridines are due to vasodilation It’s:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Dihydropyridines are a class of calcium channel blockers that predominantly cause vasodilation by blocking calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle. This leads to common unwanted effects such as peripheral edema, flushing, and headaches. Therefore, it is accurate to say that the common unwanted effects of dihydropyridines are due to vasodilation. Choice B is incorrect because the statement is true. Choice C is incorrect as it implies all unwanted effects are due to vasodilation, which may not be entirely accurate. Choice D is incorrect as the unwanted effects are indeed due to vasodilation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: As food supplements. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are not used as food supplements because they are potent molecules with specific regulatory functions in the body. Step 1: Replacement therapy (Choice A) involves providing hormones to individuals with hormone deficiency states to restore normal physiologic levels. This is a common pharmacologic application of these hormones. Step 2: Drug therapy (Choice B) involves using synthetic analogs of these hormones at pharmacologic doses to treat various disorders by eliciting specific hormonal effects that may not occur at physiologic levels. Step 3: Diagnostic tool (Choice C) involves using these hormones in stimulation tests to assess the functioning of the endocrine system by observing the response to hormonal stimulation. In summary, choices A, B, and C all represent valid pharmacologic applications of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, while choice D (food supplements) is the exception as these hormones are not meant to be consumed as dietary

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Biguanides. Biguanides, such as metformin, potentiate the action of insulin by improving insulin sensitivity in tissues, reducing hepatic glucose production, and enhancing peripheral glucose uptake. Sulphonylureas (A) stimulate insulin secretion, glucagon (B) increases blood glucose levels, and D is incorrect as biguanides do potentiate insulin action.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C (Antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory) for NSAIDs. NSAIDs primarily work by inhibiting COX enzymes, reducing inflammation, pain, and fever. A is incorrect because not all NSAIDs have antihistaminic properties. B is incorrect because NSAIDs are not typically immunodepressive. D is incorrect because antihistaminic properties are not common in NSAIDs. In summary, the unique combination of antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties is peculiar to the majority of NSAIDs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Cyclosporine A is indicated for the treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome due to its immunosuppressive properties that help reduce proteinuria and preserve renal function. In contrast, choices A, B, and C are incorrect because cyclosporine A is not typically used for secondary immunodeficiency, hairy cell leukemia, or primary immunodeficiency. These conditions require different treatment approaches not involving cyclosporine A.