Common symptoms of major depressive disorder include all of the following except

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of major depressive disorder (MDD), the correct answer is A) periods of extreme elation and euphoria. This is because MDD is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed. Option B, C, and D are not the correct answers because they are likely symptoms associated with other mood disorders such as bipolar disorder. Option A, periods of extreme elation and euphoria, is actually a symptom of bipolar disorder, where individuals experience episodes of mania characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and impulsive behavior. Educationally, it is important to distinguish between symptoms of different disorders to ensure accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Understanding the specific symptoms of major depressive disorder can help healthcare professionals, educators, and individuals themselves recognize when to seek help and access the necessary support and interventions. By learning to identify these symptoms accurately, individuals can receive timely and effective care for their mental health concerns.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) can stem from different factors. Biological factors include genetics and brain chemistry, such as the influence of up to 51 genes that may increase susceptibility to alcoholism. Psychosocial factors involve psychological conditions like stress, anxiety, or depression, which can lead to habitual drinking as a coping mechanism. Socio-cultural factors encompass social influences like family exposure to alcohol, cultural norms, and proximity to alcohol establishments, all of which contribute to alcoholism. Thus, all three factors—biological (I), psychosocial (II), and socio-cultural (III)—are responsible.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Somatization disorder is characterized by multiple physical symptoms of psychological origin without a medical basis, unlike conversion disorder, which involves specific neurological symptoms (e.g., paralysis), or adjustment disorder, which focuses on emotional responses to stress. 'All of the above' is incorrect as only somatization fits the broad description of physical symptoms from psychological causes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Social phobia. Social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations, including meeting new people or being in unfamiliar social settings. Fear of strangers aligns with the core symptoms of social phobia, making it the most appropriate choice in this context. Option A) Arachnophobia refers to the fear of spiders, which is unrelated to the fear of strangers. Option C) Claustrophobia is the fear of confined spaces, while option D) Acrophobia is the fear of heights. These options are incorrect in the context of the question as they do not specifically address the fear of strangers. From an educational perspective, understanding different types of phobias and their specific characteristics is crucial in the field of psychology. By differentiating between various phobias, students can develop a deeper comprehension of psychobiological disorders and how they manifest in individuals. Recognizing the distinct features of each phobia enables practitioners to provide appropriate interventions and support for individuals experiencing these conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Hypochondriasis. Hypochondriasis, also known as illness anxiety disorder, is characterized by a persistent belief that one has a serious illness despite medical reassurance to the contrary. Individuals with hypochondriasis often misinterpret normal bodily sensations as signs of a severe illness, leading to excessive worry and anxiety about their health. Option A) Conversion disorder involves experiencing neurological symptoms such as paralysis or blindness that cannot be explained by medical evaluation. This does not align with the persistent belief in having a serious illness as described in the question. Option B) Dissociative disorders involve disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment. This is not directly related to the specific symptomatology presented in the question. Option D) "All of the above" is incorrect as only option C fits the description provided in the question. Selecting this option would be misleading and inaccurate. Educationally, understanding the distinctions between psychobiological disorders is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. It highlights the importance of considering how individuals' beliefs and perceptions can significantly impact their mental health and well-being. By differentiating between these disorders, healthcare professionals can provide targeted interventions to address the specific needs of individuals experiencing these conditions.