Common causes of recurrent haematuria are:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding common causes of recurrent hematuria is essential for providing effective care. The correct answer is A) Berger's disease. Berger's disease, also known as IgA nephropathy, is a common cause of recurrent hematuria in children. It is characterized by the deposition of IgA immune complexes in the kidneys, leading to inflammation and damage to the glomeruli. Option B) Goodpasture's syndrome is unlikely to cause recurrent hematuria in children. Goodpasture's syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the lungs and kidneys, leading to pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. It is more common in adults than in children. Option C) Renal stones typically present with symptoms such as flank pain, hematuria, and urinary tract infections but are not a common cause of recurrent hematuria in children. Option D) Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis can cause hematuria following a streptococcal infection. However, it is usually self-limiting and does not typically result in recurrent episodes of hematuria. Educationally, understanding the differential diagnosis of recurrent hematuria in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses to provide appropriate care, monitor for complications, and collaborate effectively with the healthcare team. By recognizing the distinctive features of each condition, nurses can contribute to accurate assessments, timely interventions, and improved outcomes for pediatric patients with cardiovascular and renal conditions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the triggers of the alternate pathway of complement is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer is option A) Bacterial lipopolysaccharide because this molecule can directly activate the alternate pathway. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and its recognition by the immune system initiates the complement cascade. Option B) Interleukin 2 is incorrect because it is a cytokine produced by activated T cells to regulate the immune response but is not a direct trigger of the alternate complement pathway. Option C) Macrophages are important immune cells that play a role in phagocytosis and antigen presentation but do not directly activate the alternate complement pathway. Option D) Properdin is a positive regulator of the alternative pathway of complement, stabilizing the C3 convertase, rather than being a trigger itself. Educationally, understanding the specific triggers of the complement system in pediatric patients is vital for assessing and managing conditions involving immune dysregulation, infections, and inflammatory responses in cardiovascular health. By knowing the correct triggers, nurses can anticipate and provide appropriate interventions to support pediatric patients with cardiovascular issues effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the common causes of seizures in neonates is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer is B) Hypoglycemia. Neonates have limited glycogen stores and high metabolic demands, making them vulnerable to hypoglycemia, a common trigger for seizures due to inadequate glucose supply to the brain. Option A) Hypocalcemia can also cause seizures, but it is less common in neonates compared to hypoglycemia. Calcium plays a role in neuronal excitability, and low levels can lead to seizures, especially in older children. Option C) Pyridoxine deficiency can cause seizures, but it is more common in infants than neonates. Pyridoxine is essential for neurotransmitter function, and deficiency can lead to seizures that are often refractory to standard antiepileptic medications. Option D) Hydrocephalus can present with neurological symptoms, including seizures, but it is not one of the most common causes of seizures in neonates. Hydrocephalus is characterized by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain's ventricles, leading to increased intracranial pressure. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing hypoglycemia as a significant cause of seizures in neonates. Nurses must be vigilant in monitoring blood glucose levels in at-risk neonates and promptly intervene to prevent hypoglycemia-related complications, including seizures. Understanding the differential diagnoses for neonatal seizures is essential for providing safe and effective care in pediatric cardiovascular nursing settings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, it is crucial to be vigilant for signs of child abuse. In this scenario, option A is the most indicative of potential child abuse. A 6-month-old with a large scalp bruise raises immediate concern as infants are not yet mobile enough to cause such injuries accidentally. This type of injury is more likely to be caused by external trauma, such as physical abuse. Option B, a 7-year-old girl masturbating, is a normal and age-appropriate behavior, not indicative of child abuse. Option C, a 2-year-old with multiple bruises of different ages over the shins, could be concerning but may also be explained by the child's developmental stage and activity level. Option D, a 3-month-old with failure to thrive, is a medical concern but not necessarily indicative of child abuse without further evidence. Educationally, it is important for healthcare providers to be educated on recognizing signs of child abuse, understanding normal childhood development, and differentiating between accidental injuries and those that raise suspicion of abuse. Proper training and knowledge in this area are essential to ensure the safety and well-being of pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular nursing and pharmacology, understanding bronchial asthma is crucial for providing effective care to pediatric patients. The correct answer, option C, "Nocturnal cough is a recognized feature," is supported by the characteristic nocturnal worsening of asthma symptoms due to circadian variations in airway function and inflammation. This symptom is important for nurses to recognize as it can indicate poor asthma control and the need for adjustments in the patient's treatment plan, such as optimizing medication dosages or adding new medications. Option A, "Mortality has shown an increase during the past three decades," is incorrect as advancements in asthma management and education have actually contributed to a decrease in asthma-related mortality rates over the years. Nurses should be aware of this trend to provide accurate information and reassurance to patients and their families. Option B, "The incidence is greater in males than females," is incorrect as asthma prevalence is higher in females across all age groups, including pediatric patients. Nurses should be knowledgeable about this epidemiological data to provide gender-specific education and support to patients and families. Option D, "Post-RSV bronchial hyperreactivity is strongly associated with atopy," is incorrect as post-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchial hyperreactivity is more commonly linked to recurrent wheezing rather than atopy. Nurses should understand this distinction to differentiate between different underlying causes of respiratory symptoms in pediatric patients. In an educational context, understanding these nuances in asthma presentation and associations is essential for pediatric cardiovascular nurses to deliver comprehensive care, educate patients and families, and collaborate effectively with the healthcare team to optimize patient outcomes. By mastering these concepts, nurses can enhance their clinical judgment and decision-making skills in managing pediatric patients with bronchial asthma.