Columns of Bertin are

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Columns of Bertin are cortical extensions between medullary pyramids structural dividers, not medullary. Pyramid apex is papillary urine exit. Medullary extensions are pyramids themselves wrong tissue. Conical areas are pyramids, not columns shape error. Cortical columns distinguish them, key to renal architecture, unlike medullary or conical misplacements.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Detrusor overactivity (DO) is diagnosed by involuntary contractions during filling any size, reflecting bladder instability (e.g., urge incontinence). Amplitude threshold (e.g., >15 cm Hâ‚‚O) isn't required presence matters. Cough leakage is stress incontinence, not DO different mechanism. Voiding phase contractions are normal micturition, not overactivity. Filling-phase involuntariness distinguishes DO, key to its urodynamic definition, unlike size, stress, or voiding errors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Post-PFUI continence is best addressed after restoring urethral continuity reconstruction (e.g., urethroplasty) precedes sphincter assessment. Contrast studies show anatomy, not function unpredictive. Bladder neck endoscopy evaluates structure, not continence limited. Partial injuries vary full distraction repairable. Continuity-first approach distinguishes it, key to stepwise PFUI management, unlike predictive or injury-type errors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: PI-RADS v2.1 divides prostate into 38 sectors 36 prostate zones (base, mid, apex; anterior/posterior) plus 2 urethra standardized for MRI reporting. 27 is outdated (v1) too few. 41/43 include seminal vesicles/sphincter excluded here. 38 distinguishes it, critical for precise cancer localization, unlike old or inclusive counts.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Chromophobe RCC arises from intercalated cells of collecting ducts unique histology (pale cytoplasm). Proximal tubule births clear cell/papillary RCC different lineage. Both tubules isn't specific wrong scope. Principal cells manage sodium unrelated. Intercalated origin distinguishes chromophobe, key to its pathology, unlike proximal or principal sources.