Collections of cortical tissues found between the medullary pyramids are called

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Columns of Bertin are cortical tissue between pyramids not rays (cortex-medulla), interlobular (vague), or sinus (cavity). This repeats Q4, key for anatomy, contrasting with other terms.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Peritubular capillaries arise from efferent arterioles not afferent, intralobular (misnomer), or interlobular. This specifies post-glomerular flow, critical for reabsorption, contrasting with pre-glomerular sources.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Urine production involves ultrafiltration (glomerulus), reabsorption (tubules), and secretion (tubules) all apply. Ultrafiltration forms filtrate, reabsorption recovers water/nutrients, and secretion adds waste, collectively shaping urine. Excluding any step (secretion, ultrafiltration, or reabsorption) ignores a key process, making 'all' the accurate choice. This encompasses renal function, vital for waste excretion, contrasting with single-process views.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Mesonephros spans thoracic to upper lumbar regions not just cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or thoracic/lumbar only; 'all' includes cervical, which fits its cranial start. This broad extent (weeks 4–8) reflects its transient excretory role, key for development, contrasting with limited regions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Horseshoe kidney is trapped by the inferior mesenteric artery not ureter length, pole fusion (cause), SMA, or aorta; IMA blocks ascent. This specifies obstruction, critical for anomaly, contrasting with causal or higher structures.