Cl⁻ ions are reabsorbed because of:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cl⁻ reabsorption follows Na electrostatic attraction (e.g., PCT Na /Cl⁻ cotransport). Aldosterone boosts Na indirectly Cl⁻, not permeability. Ca² retention is separate unrelated. Osmotic gradient drives water not Cl⁻ directly. Na attraction distinguishes it, critical for electroneutrality, unlike hormonal or osmotic drivers.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Ureter is the tube from kidney to bladder e.g., peristalsis delivers urine. Vasa recta is capillaries not tube. Hypothalamus makes ADH not ureter. Micturition is voiding not structure. Transport role distinguishes it, key to urinary flow, unlike capillaries or actions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A BUN:creatinine ratio >20:1 (here ~22:1) suggests increased tissue breakdown (e.g., trauma), elevating BUN disproportionately, unlike obstruction (postrenal, lower ratio), heart failure (prerenal, moderate), or glomerulonephritis (intrarenal, balanced). This distinguishes catabolic states, key for etiology identification, contrasting with perfusion or obstruction issues.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Infection (peritonitis) is the top peritoneal dialysis complication; aseptic technique prevents it not slow infusion (flow), bowel prep (constipation), or positioning (comfort). This distinguishes infection control, vital for PD safety, contrasting with procedural adjustments.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is influenced by renal blood flow (perfusion), glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (driving filtration), and ureteric obstruction (back pressure reducing filtration) all listed factors. This comprehensive impact distinguishes GFR regulation, critical for kidney function assessment, contrasting with single-factor misconceptions.