Chronic urticaria may be caused by

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the etiology of chronic urticaria is crucial for providing effective care to children. The correct answer is B) systemic lupus erythematosus. Chronic urticaria is a condition characterized by persistent hives lasting more than 6 weeks. In children, systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease, can manifest with chronic urticaria as a skin manifestation. This association underscores the importance of considering underlying systemic conditions in the differential diagnosis of chronic urticaria in pediatric patients. Option A) latex is incorrect because while latex allergy can cause acute urticaria, it is less commonly associated with chronic urticaria. Option C) IV immunoglobulin is incorrect as it is often used in the treatment of some autoimmune conditions but is not a common cause of chronic urticaria. Option D) streptococcal pharyngitis is incorrect as it is more likely to present with acute urticaria as a result of an infectious process rather than chronic urticaria. Educationally, understanding the various causes of chronic urticaria in pediatric patients is essential for nurses to provide comprehensive care. By grasping the link between systemic lupus erythematosus and chronic urticaria, nurses can advocate for timely assessments and interventions to address the underlying autoimmune process. This knowledge equips nurses with the ability to collaborate effectively with healthcare teams to ensure accurate diagnosis and management of pediatric patients presenting with chronic urticaria.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non-IgE mediated gastrointestinal food hypersensitivity that primarily affects infants and young children. The correct answer, D, "commonly improved with ingestion of soy protein-based formula," is correct because FPIES is commonly triggered by cow's milk or soy proteins. However, using a soy protein-based formula can worsen symptoms in these patients. Option A, "manifests in the first months of life," is a characteristic feature of FPIES as symptoms typically present in infancy. Option B, "vomiting occurs 1-3 hours after feeding," is also a common presentation of FPIES, with delayed onset vomiting being a hallmark symptom. Option C, "hypotension occurs in approximately 15% of cases," is incorrect as hypotension is not a common feature of FPIES; dehydration due to vomiting is more common. Educationally, it is crucial to understand the distinguishing features of FPIES to provide appropriate care and support to affected children and their families. Recognizing the symptoms, triggers, and appropriate management strategies, such as eliminating the offending food proteins, is essential in the nursing care of pediatric patients with FPIES. Additionally, highlighting the potential risks of alternative formulas, like soy-based formulas in FPIES, underscores the importance of accurate nutritional management in these cases.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Allopurinol is a medication commonly used to treat gout and high levels of uric acid in the blood. It is known to cause allergic reactions in some individuals. In this case, the correct answer is D) pulmonary fibrosis, as this condition is not typically associated with allopurinol use. Option A) exanthem, B) Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and C) toxic epidermal necrolysis are all known potential allergic reactions to allopurinol. Exanthem refers to a widespread rash, while Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are severe skin conditions that can be life-threatening. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses, to be aware of potential adverse reactions to medications commonly used in children. Understanding the possible allergic reactions to allopurinol can help nurses in monitoring and managing pediatric patients who are prescribed this medication. By knowing which reactions are associated with allopurinol use, nurses can provide safe and effective care to their young patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, recognizing signs and symptoms of various conditions is crucial for providing effective care. Extreme eosinophilia, which refers to an abnormally high level of eosinophils in the blood, suggests a drug reaction. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions. When a medication triggers an immune response, it can result in extreme eosinophilia as the body tries to fight off the perceived threat. Option A, a drug reaction, is the correct answer because medications can elicit immune responses leading to extreme eosinophilia. Options B, C, and D, which are allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma, respectively, are conditions associated with allergic responses but not specifically linked to extreme eosinophilia caused by drug reactions. In an educational context, understanding the significance of extreme eosinophilia can help healthcare providers identify potential adverse drug reactions in pediatric patients. It underscores the importance of thorough patient assessments, monitoring for unusual laboratory findings, and considering the possibility of medication-related complications in clinical practice. By mastering this concept, nurses can enhance their clinical judgment and provide safer care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the frequency of asthma symptoms is crucial for effective management. The correct answer is A) two times per week for a child with intermittent asthma. This classification means the child experiences symptoms less than two times a week, nighttime awakenings due to asthma less than two times a month, and does not have any interference with normal activities. Option B) three times per week would indicate mild persistent asthma, which requires different management strategies compared to intermittent asthma. Option C) four times per week would fall under moderate persistent asthma, while option D) five times per week would be classified as severe persistent asthma. Educationally, knowing these classifications helps nurses and healthcare providers assess the severity of asthma, determine appropriate treatment plans, and educate families on how to manage their child's condition effectively. Understanding these distinctions is vital in providing quality care and improving outcomes for pediatric patients with asthma.