Chronic urticaria may be caused by

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) systemic lupus erythematosus. Chronic urticaria refers to hives that persist for more than 6 weeks and can be associated with underlying systemic conditions like autoimmune diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a common autoimmune disorder that can manifest with chronic urticaria due to the immune system's dysregulation. Option A) latex is a common allergen that can cause acute urticaria but is less likely to be the cause of chronic urticaria. Option C) IV immunoglobulin is a treatment for certain immune deficiencies and autoimmune diseases but is not a common cause of chronic urticaria. Option D) streptococcal pharyngitis is an infection caused by streptococcus bacteria and is more likely to present with symptoms like sore throat and fever, rather than chronic urticaria. In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the underlying causes of chronic urticaria is essential for providing comprehensive care to pediatric patients. Recognizing systemic conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus as a potential cause of chronic urticaria can aid in timely diagnosis and management, improving the overall health outcomes for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a rare but serious non-IgE mediated gastrointestinal food hypersensitivity that primarily affects young infants. The correct answer, option D, is "commonly improved with ingestion of soy protein-based formula." This statement is incorrect because FPIES typically does not improve with the ingestion of soy protein-based formula. In fact, soy protein is one of the common triggers for FPIES. Option A, "manifests in the first months of life," is correct as FPIES often presents in the first few months of life when solid foods are introduced. Option B, "vomiting occurs 1-3 hours after feeding," is also correct as one of the hallmark symptoms of FPIES is repetitive vomiting within a few hours after ingestion of the trigger food. Option C, "hypotension occurs in approximately 15% of cases," is also correct as FPIES can lead to severe dehydration and low blood pressure in some cases. Educational Context: Understanding the clinical presentation and management of FPIES is crucial for pediatric nurses, as timely recognition and appropriate intervention are essential in managing this condition. Educating caregivers about potential triggers, symptoms, and the importance of avoiding certain foods is key in preventing FPIES episodes. Nurses play a vital role in providing support and guidance to families dealing with FPIES, emphasizing the significance of early recognition and prompt management to prevent complications.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) pulmonary fibrosis. Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor commonly used to treat gout by lowering uric acid levels in the blood. While allopurinol is associated with several potential adverse reactions, including exanthem (a rash) as a common allergic reaction, severe skin reactions like Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are also possible but rare. Pulmonary fibrosis, however, is not typically associated with allopurinol use. It is important for healthcare providers, especially pediatric nurses, to be aware of common side effects and allergic reactions associated with medications frequently used in pediatric populations. Understanding these potential adverse effects is crucial for timely identification, management, and prevention of serious complications in pediatric patients. Nurses play a key role in medication administration, monitoring for side effects, and educating patients and families about potential risks associated with medications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, the presence of extreme eosinophilia (elevated levels of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell) can indicate various underlying conditions. In this case, extreme eosinophilia suggests a drug reaction. Eosinophils are involved in allergic reactions, and a drug reaction can trigger a significant increase in their levels in the blood. Option A, drug reaction, is the correct answer because certain medications can cause the body to produce more eosinophils as part of an immune response. This can manifest as extreme eosinophilia in laboratory tests. Options B, C, and D are incorrect because while conditions like allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and asthma can also involve elevated eosinophil levels, extreme eosinophilia is more strongly associated with a drug reaction in this context. Educationally, understanding the significance of extreme eosinophilia in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses in identifying and managing potential adverse drug reactions. This knowledge helps nurses in conducting thorough assessments, monitoring patients for signs of drug allergies, and collaborating with healthcare providers to ensure prompt and appropriate interventions. By grasping this concept, nurses can contribute to safe and effective patient care in pediatric settings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the frequency of asthma symptoms is crucial for effective management. For a child with intermittent asthma, the correct frequency of symptoms is less than two times per week. This is based on the classification of asthma severity by the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP). Option A is correct because intermittent asthma is characterized by symptoms occurring less than two times per week. This classification indicates well-controlled asthma with minimal symptoms and the need for rescue medication. Options B, C, and D are incorrect because they exceed the frequency threshold for intermittent asthma. Three or more episodes per week would classify the asthma as mild persistent, moderate persistent, or severe persistent, respectively. These classifications require different treatment approaches compared to intermittent asthma. Educationally, this question emphasizes the importance of accurately assessing asthma severity in children to provide appropriate care. Understanding the frequency and pattern of symptoms helps nurses tailor treatment plans and educate both the child and their caregivers on managing asthma effectively. It reinforces the need for precise assessment skills in pediatric nursing practice to promote optimal outcomes for children with asthma.