Chronic glomerulonephritis is characterized by:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Chronic glomerulonephritis features hyalinized glomeruli, granular subcapsular surface, shrunken kidneys, and prior disease history not normal calyces, enlargement, or no history. Hyalinization marks end-stage scarring, critical for diagnosis, contrasting with acute features like normal surfaces or enlarged kidneys typical of early inflammation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: DCT reabsorbs Na+, Cl-, and water (ADH-dependent), but secretes K+ not reabsorbed. This distinguishes DCT ion handling, key for electrolyte balance, contrasting with reabsorption norms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Mesangial cells are between capillaries, within lamina, phagocytic, and maintain it not part of JGA (JG cells, macula densa). This corrects mesangial role, key for glomerular function, contrasting with JGA involvement.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ascending limb of Henle dilutes filtrate (NaCl reabsorption, water impermeable) not PCT, descending (concentrates), or collecting duct (ADH-dependent). This specifies diluting site, key for urine formation, contrasting with concentrating segments.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Urethritis involves gonococci, Mycoplasma, and Ureaplasma not S. aureus (skin/UTI). This distinguishes urethritis pathogens, key for STD treatment, contrasting with non-urethral bacteria.