Chromosomal causes of congenital malformations include

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) Achondroplasia. It is important in pediatric nursing to understand chromosomal causes of congenital malformations. Achondroplasia is caused by a genetic mutation in the FGFR3 gene on chromosome 4. This mutation leads to abnormal bone growth, resulting in characteristic features like short limbs and a normal-sized torso. Prader-Willi syndrome (Option A) is a genetic disorder caused by the loss of certain genes on chromosome 15, leading to intellectual disability, short stature, and obesity. X-linked hydrocephalus (Option B) is a condition associated with mutations on the X chromosome, leading to an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Treacher Collins syndrome (Option D) is a craniofacial disorder caused by mutations in various genes, not specifically related to chromosomal causes. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for pediatric nurses as they care for children with congenital malformations. By knowing the genetic basis of these conditions, nurses can provide better care, anticipate potential complications, and support families in understanding the underlying causes of their child's condition. This knowledge also helps in providing appropriate genetic counseling and facilitating multidisciplinary care for these patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Decrease the risk of cerebral palsy in surviving infants. Magnesium sulfate has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in preterm infants. When administered antenatally to mothers at risk of preterm delivery, it crosses the placenta and exerts its protective effects on the developing fetal brain. This can lead to a decreased risk of cerebral palsy in surviving infants. Option A) Reduce rates of necrotizing enterocolitis is incorrect because magnesium sulfate administration is not associated with reducing the rates of this gastrointestinal condition in preterm infants. Option C) Improve overall survival is incorrect because while magnesium sulfate may have beneficial effects on specific outcomes like cerebral palsy, its use is not directly linked to improving overall survival rates of preterm infants. Option D) Decrease respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants is incorrect because although magnesium sulfate may have some effects on lung development, its primary benefit lies in neuroprotection rather than reducing respiratory distress syndrome. In an educational context, understanding the rationale behind the use of magnesium sulfate in preterm labor is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for premature infants. This knowledge helps nurses provide informed care, advocate for evidence-based practices, and communicate effectively with other healthcare team members and families about the potential benefits and risks of this intervention.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complex condition characterized by extreme fatigue that cannot be explained by any underlying medical condition. The correct answer, B) depression, is often associated with CFS due to the significant impact of chronic illness on mental health. Individuals with CFS often experience feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities they once enjoyed, which are key symptoms of depression. Option A) anxiety may co-occur with CFS, but it is not as commonly associated as depression. While anxiety can exacerbate symptoms of CFS, it is not the primary psychiatric disorder often linked to this condition. Option C) obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Option D) social phobia are not typically linked to CFS. These disorders involve different symptomatology and mechanisms compared to the mental health challenges commonly observed in individuals with CFS. In an educational context, understanding the psychiatric comorbidities of CFS is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses, who may encounter young patients with this condition. Recognizing the association between CFS and depression can help nurses provide comprehensive care by addressing both the physical and mental health needs of pediatric patients with CFS. This knowledge can also guide appropriate referrals to mental health professionals for further evaluation and intervention.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is B) anxiety disorders. Understanding the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and comorbid disorders is crucial in pediatric nursing. Anxiety disorders are commonly associated with MDD in pediatric patients. This comorbidity can complicate the diagnosis and treatment of both conditions, making it important for pediatric nurses to be aware of this link. Dysthymic disorder (option A) is a chronic form of depression but is not as commonly associated with MDD as anxiety disorders are. Substance abuse (option C) and disruptive behavior disorders (option D) can co-occur with MDD, but anxiety disorders have a stronger association. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing common comorbidities in pediatric patients with MDD. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about these associations to provide comprehensive care and appropriate interventions. It also emphasizes the need for thorough assessments and a holistic approach to pediatric mental health care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) second or third year of life. This is because most children with autism typically start showing clinical manifestations of the condition by this age. It is during the toddler years that parents and healthcare providers may start noticing early signs such as delayed speech or lack of social engagement. Option B) preschool is incorrect because by the time a child reaches preschool age, most children with autism would have already exhibited noticeable symptoms. Option C) school is also incorrect as children with autism typically show signs of the condition much earlier than when they start attending school. Option D) adolescence is not the correct answer because autism is usually diagnosed and identified much earlier in childhood, typically by the age of 2-3 years. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to have a good understanding of the typical developmental milestones and red flags for autism spectrum disorder to provide early intervention and support for children and families. By being knowledgeable about the age at which most children with autism start showing signs, nurses can help parents navigate the diagnostic process and access appropriate resources and services for their child.