Choose the WRONG statement:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Fibers of corticospinal tract pass through the anterior limb of the internal capsule . Corticospinal fibers pass through the posterior limb (D is correct), not anterior (frontopontine fibers). Choice A is true (synapson alpha motor neurons). Choice B is accurate (above decussation causcontralateral paralysis). Thus, C mislocatthe fibers, making it the wrong statement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Located in the medulla oblongata . The vomiting center is in the medulla oblongata, near the area postrema (not hypothalamus, making A wrong, which regulatnausea indirectly). Vomiting is an involuntary reflex (B is false), unlike swallowing, triggered by medullary integration of signals. It receivinput from gastric stretch receptors via the vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10) (C is wrong), responding to distension (e.g., overeating). D is true; the medulla coordinatvomiting via cranial nerv9 (sensation), 10 (motility), and 8 (vestibular), with the chemoreceptor zone detecting emetics. Lesions here abolish vomiting, as in brainstem stroke, unlike hypothalamic effects. Thus, D is the true statement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: It is initiated involuntarily , which is false. The swallowing reflex involvcranial nerv5 (trigeminal, mastication), 7 (facial, lips/tongue), 9 (glossopharyngeal, sensation), and 10 (vagus, motility) (A is true), coordinating oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases. Choice B is incorrect; swallowing starts voluntarily (cortex initiatbolus movement), then shifts to an involuntary reflex controlled by the medulla. Choice C is true; peristalsis in the esophagus (primary and secondary waves) movthe bolus, driven by the vagus and enteric nervous system. Choice D is accurate; the swallowing center in the medulla oblongata (nucleus ambiguus) orchestratthe reflex. For example, cortical strokimpair voluntary initiation, while medullary damage disrupts the reflex, showing dual control. Thus, B is the exception, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Doctors overestimate the amount of information they give to patients . Studies, such as those in medical communication research, show doctors often assume theyve explained more than patients recall, overestimating information delivery. Choice A is false; while some doctors notice emotional clues, many prioritize biomedical aspects, missing cu(e.g., patient anxiety). Choice C is incorrect; a strong patient-doctor relationship enhanctrust, improving drug adherence and placebo effects, thus affecting outcomes. Choice D is wrong; patients value technical skill but also seek empathy and communication, per patient satisfaction surveys. is false; being called casdepersonalizpatients, often reducing trust, as humanistic care models emphasize. This overestimation stems from cognitive bias doctors assume clarity without verifying patient understanding impacting care quality. Real-world examplinclude miscommunication leading to non-compliance, underscoring Bs truth.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Time of the day . While circadian rhythms influence eating patterns, immediate food intake is less driven by clock time than physiological cues. Choice A (blood sugar) directly regulathunger via hypothalamic glucoreceptors low levels trigger eating. Choice B (body temperature) affects intake; cold increasappetite for energy, per thermoregulation studies. Choice C (stomach fullness) suppresshunger through stretch receptor signals to the brainstem. (sight of food) potently stimulatappetite via reward pathways (e.g., dopamine in the nucleus accumbens). Time of day is secondary; it sets habits but lacks the direct, acute impact of glucose, fullness, or visual cues, as seen in free-feeding experiments. Thus, D plays the least role, making it the correct answer.