Choose the vasodilator which releases NO:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for the correct answer (D - Sodium nitroprusside): 1. Sodium nitroprusside is a direct NO donor, releasing nitric oxide (NO) upon metabolism. 2. NO is a potent vasodilator that acts on smooth muscle to relax blood vessels. 3. This vasodilation leads to decreased systemic vascular resistance and lower blood pressure. 4. Nifedipine, Hydralazine, and Minoxidil work through different mechanisms and do not directly release NO. Summary of incorrect choices: A: Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker. B: Hydralazine is a direct-acting vasodilator that works by relaxing arterial smooth muscle. C: Minoxidil is a direct-acting vasodilator that opens potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Rationale: A: True. Estradiol binds strongly to α2-globulin and albumin with lower affinity compared to estrone and estriol. B: True. Estradiol is metabolized in the liver and other tissues to estrone, estriol, and their derivatives before being excreted in bile. C: True. Estrone and estriol have lower affinity for estrogen receptors compared to estradiol but still exhibit estrogenic effects. Therefore, all statements are accurate, making option D the correct answer. Other choices are incorrect as they do not accurately depict the properties and metabolism of estrogens.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Indometacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug known to cause various side effects. A: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and pancreatitis are common gastrointestinal side effects of indometacin. B: Dizziness, confusion, and depression are known central nervous system side effects of indometacin. C: Thrombocytopenia, a decrease in platelet count, is a potential hematological side effect of indometacin. Therefore, all the listed side effects are associated with indometacin, making option D the correct answer. Other choices are incorrect as they do not encompass the full range of side effects associated with indometacin.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Interferon gamma is indicated for Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) due to its role in enhancing the immune response against intracellular pathogens. CGD is a genetic disorder where phagocytes are unable to produce reactive oxygen species, leading to recurrent infections. Interferon gamma helps activate macrophages to improve host defense against pathogens in CGD patients. Incorrect choices: A: Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome - Interferon gamma is not indicated for this condition as it is primarily used for immune modulation, not for kidney-related issues. B: Hepatitis C virus infection - While interferon alpha is used for hepatitis C, interferon gamma is not the primary treatment for this viral infection. D: Hairy cell leukemia - Interferon alpha is the preferred treatment for hairy cell leukemia, not interferon gamma.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lipooxidase. Antivitamins are substances that interfere with the absorption, metabolism, or utilization of vitamins. In this case, antivitamin A would prevent vitamin A from exerting its typical effects. Lipooxidase is an antivitamin that inhibits the action of vitamin A by interfering with its metabolic pathways. Summary: - Oral contraceptives do not prevent vitamin A from exerting its effects. - Antibiotics do not prevent vitamin A from exerting its effects. - Therefore, the correct answer is A: Lipooxidase.