Choose the drug which contains cobalt atom:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is choice C, Cyanocobalamin, as it contains a cobalt atom. Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of Vitamin B12, which is essential for various bodily functions. The cobalt atom is a crucial component of Vitamin B12's structure, playing a key role in its biological activity. Choice A, Folic acid, does not contain cobalt and is a B vitamin that is important for cell division and DNA synthesis. Choice B, Iron dextran, contains iron but not cobalt, and is used to treat iron deficiency anemia. Choice D, Ferrous gluconate, is an iron supplement and does not contain cobalt. In summary, Cyanocobalamin is the correct answer as it is the only option that contains a cobalt atom, while the other choices do not.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Correct Answer: D Rationale: 1. Potassium channel openers increase the permeability of potassium channels, specifically ATP-dependent K channels. 2. This increased permeability results in stabilizing the membrane potential of excitable cells near the resting potential. 3. By stabilizing the membrane potential, these agents help regulate cell excitability and function. 4. This mechanism of action is crucial in conditions like cardiac arrhythmias and smooth muscle hyperactivity. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A. This statement incorrectly associates potassium channel openers with decreasing calcium current, which is not their primary mechanism of action. B. This statement inaccurately attributes reflex and vascular dilative actions to potassium channel openers, which are not their primary effects. C. This statement wrongly suggests that the beneficial effects of potassium channel openers are primarily hemodynamic, while their main mechanism is through potassium channel permeability modulation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pyracetam. Pyracetam is a nootropic agent that is known for its benefits in enhancing cognitive function and improving brain circulation. It works by increasing blood flow and oxygen utilization in the brain, making it useful in disorders of brain circulation. A: Aspirin is a common pain reliever and anti-inflammatory drug, but it is not specifically classified as a nootropic agent for brain circulation disorders. C: Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication that helps prevent blood clots, but it is not a typical choice for enhancing brain circulation or cognitive function. D: "All the above" is incorrect as only Pyracetam is specifically known for its benefits in disorders of brain circulation, making it the correct choice in this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Oral route. Insulin cannot be administered orally because it gets degraded by stomach enzymes. The correct routes for insulin administration are B: Intravenous route, C: Subcutaneous route, and D: Intramuscular route. These routes allow for direct absorption into the bloodstream without degradation. Intravenous route ensures rapid onset, subcutaneous route is commonly used for self-administration, and intramuscular route provides slower absorption.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Triamcinolone. Triamcinolone is an intermediate-acting glucocorticoid due to its duration of action, which typically lasts between 12 to 36 hours. Cortisone (A) is a short-acting glucocorticoid, with a duration of action of about 8-12 hours. Betamethasone (C) is a long-acting glucocorticoid, with a duration of action of around 36-54 hours. Choice D is incorrect as not all of the listed glucocorticoids are intermediate-acting.