Choose the drug that causes constipation:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Aluminium hydroxide. It causes constipation by absorbing water in the intestines, leading to hardened stools. Sodium bicarbonate (A) is an antacid and can cause diarrhea. Calcium carbonate (C) and magnesium oxide (D) are also antacids that can lead to diarrhea due to their laxative effect by increasing water in the intestines.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker that acts by inhibiting slow calcium channels in the SA and AV nodes, leading to decreased conduction velocity and reduced contractility of the heart muscle. This results in slowing of the heart rate and can be used to treat conditions such as supraventricular tachycardia. A: Quinidine is a Class I antiarrhythmic drug that works by blocking sodium channels. B: Adenosine acts on adenosine receptors and is used for the termination of supraventricular tachycardia. C: Flecainide is a Class Ic antiarrhythmic drug that blocks sodium channels. Therefore, the correct answer is Diltiazem (D) as it specifically targets calcium channels in the SA and AV nodes, distinguishing it from the other choices.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Clonidine is a centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. Step 2: Sedative and hypnotic effects are common side effects of clonidine due to its action on the central nervous system. Step 3: Parkinson’s syndrome (Choice A) is not an unwanted effect of clonidine. Step 4: Agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia (Choice C) are rare but serious adverse effects, not typically associated with clonidine. Step 5: Dry cough and respiratory depression (Choice D) are not common side effects of clonidine. Step 6: Therefore, the correct answer is B, as sedative and hypnotic effects are expected with clonidine use, making them unwanted effects.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. The oral route is not the preferred method of administering ACTH because it has poor oral bioavailability. ACTH is typically administered parenterally. A: True, endogenous ACTH is also known as corticotropin. B: Correct, ACTH stimulates corticosteroid synthesis. C: True, ACTH is clinically useful in diagnosing adrenal insufficiency. Therefore, choice D is incorrect due to poor oral bioavailability compared to parenteral routes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Certainly! Glucagon can be used in severe hyperglycemia because it stimulates the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, helping to lower blood sugar levels. In contrast, using glucagon for severe hypoglycemia can worsen the condition by further decreasing blood sugar levels. It is not typically used for endocrine diagnosis or beta-blocker poisoning as there are more effective treatments available for these situations.