Choose the correct statement about anabolic steroids:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, which exhibit both anabolic (muscle-building) and androgenic (masculinizing) properties. However, some anabolic steroids are designed to have more selective anabolic effects with reduced androgenic side effects. Therefore, statement B is correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Finasteride is a steroid 5α-reductase inhibitor that has been found useful in treating benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and male pattern baldness. By inhibiting the enzyme 5α-reductase, finasteride reduces the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is implicated in both conditions. In BPH, DHT contributes to prostate enlargement, while in male pattern baldness, it contributes to the miniaturization of hair follicles. Finasteride helps in reducing DHT levels, leading to improvements in both conditions. It is a well-established and commonly prescribed medication for these purposes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Estrogens are known to have various metabolic actions in the body, but they do not typically promote anabolism. Instead, estrogens have been shown to have effects such as improving insulin sensitivity and promoting a favorable lipid profile by decreasing LDL-cholesterol and increasing HDL-cholesterol levels. Estrogens are also associated with salt and water retention, which can contribute to bloating and weight gain in some individuals. Additionally, estrogens can lead to impaired glucose tolerance, especially at higher doses or in individuals with existing metabolic issues. However, the promotion of anabolism is not a characteristic metabolic action of estrogens.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Estrogen replacement therapy in menopausal women has been associated with an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma due to unopposed estrogen stimulation. Adding a progestin for 10-12 days each month helps to counteract this risk by providing progestational support, which protects the endometrium from estrogen-induced hyperplasia and potential malignant transformation. This combination therapy is known as hormone replacement therapy and is commonly recommended to reduce the risk of endometrial carcinoma in menopausal women receiving estrogen therapy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Oxytocin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in both the initiation of labor (A) and the milk ejection reflex (C) in breastfeeding mothers. During childbirth, oxytocin helps to stimulate contractions of the uterus, which are necessary for labor to progress. After childbirth, oxytocin continues to be important in the production and release of milk. When a baby suckles at the breast, oxytocin is released, causing the milk to be ejected from the mother's mammary glands, facilitating breastfeeding. Thus, oxytocin is essential for both the initiation of labor and the milk ejection reflex.