Choose the Correct statement:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In corticospinal tract hemisection of the right half of the spinal cord in the cervical region result in motor deficit in the left side of the body . This reflects intent but requirclarification: corticospinal fibers decussate in the medulla, so a right cervical hemisection below decussation affects right (ipsilateral) motor function. Above decussation, damage causcontralateral loss (making A wrong). Choice B is false (below is ipsilateral). Choice D is incorrect (ventral horn). Assuming a higher lesion intent, C aligns with contralateral logic if misworded.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Under involuntary control only , which is false. The swallowing center is in the medulla oblongata (A is true), coordinating the reflex via the nucleus ambiguus and vagus nerve. Swallowing is initiated voluntarily (B is true) in the oral phase (cortex, tongue), then becominvoluntary in pharyngeal and esophageal phases. It involvcranial nerv5 (trigeminal, mastication), 7 (facial, lips), 9 (glossopharyngeal, sensation), and 10 (vagus, motility) (C is true), orchestrating the process. Choice D is incorrect; while the reflex phase is involuntary, the initial act is voluntary, distinguishing it from fully reflex actions like vomiting. Stroke affecting cortical input or medullary centers shows this dual control, making D the exception and the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The swallowing center is located in the cerebellum , which is not true. The swallowing center is in the medulla oblongata (A is true), specifically the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus, coordinating the reflex phase via cranial nerv9 and 10. Choice B is true; swallowing begins voluntarily in the oral phase (cortex-driven tongue movement) before becoming reflexive. Choice C is correct; the reflex involvcranial nerve 5 (trigeminal, mastication/sensation), 9 (glossopharyngeal, pharyngeal sensation), and 10 (vagus, pharyngeal/esophageal motility), with 7 also contributing (lips). Choice D is false; the cerebellum coordinatmovement but not swallowing, which relion medullary control. Damage to the medulla (e.g., stroke) causdysphagia, unlike cerebellar lesions affecting gait. Thus, D is the untrue statement, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: It is under voluntary control , which is false. The vomiting center is in the medulla oblongata (A is true), coordinating the reflex near the area postrema. Choice B is correct; it receivvestibular input via cranial nerve 8 (e.g., motion sickness), triggering vomiting. Choice C is inaccurate; vomiting is an involuntary reflex, not voluntarily initiated, unlike swallowings oral phase. Choice D is true; cranial nerv8 (vestibular), 9 (glossopharyngeal, sensation), and 10 (vagus, motility) mediate the reflex arc. Brainstem damage abolishvomiting, while cortical lesions do not, confirming its involuntary nature. Thus, C is the exception, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Obese people are least responsive to the taste of food , which is false. Obese individuals often show heightened taste sensitivity, driving overeating, per sensory studies. Choice A is true; anxiety increascortisol, prompting eating in obese people (emotional eating). Choice C is correct; no single personality definobesity traits vary widely. Choice D is true; obese individuals often exhibit unrestrained eating, lacking dietary inhibition, per restraint scale research. is partially true; some obese people have lower basal metabolic rates, though not universally. Bs falsehood liin taste perception obese people arent less responsive; they may overeat due to reward-seeking, not dulled senses. Thus, B is the exception, making it the correct answer.