Chocolate cysts are seen in

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric GU disorders, understanding the different types of cysts is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. In this case, the correct answer is B) endometriomas. Endometriomas, also known as chocolate cysts, are a type of ovarian cysts that contain old blood, giving them a dark, chocolate-like appearance. This is a common finding in endometriosis, a condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus. Functional cysts (option A) are common ovarian cysts that form during the menstrual cycle and usually resolve on their own. Cyst adenomas (option C) are benign tumors that develop in the ovary but do not typically present as chocolate cysts. Teratomas (option D) are germ cell tumors that can contain different types of tissues like hair, teeth, and bone, but they are not associated with the characteristic appearance of chocolate cysts. Educationally, recognizing the specific characteristics of different types of cysts is essential for healthcare providers to make accurate diagnoses and provide appropriate management for pediatric patients with GU disorders. Understanding the pathophysiology and typical presentations of each type of cyst allows for targeted interventions and improved outcomes for young patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS is characterized by the triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. This syndrome is often caused by infection with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), most commonly O157:H7 strain. The toxin damages the endothelial cells in the kidneys, leading to microangiopathy, hemolysis, and thrombocytopenia. A) Membranous lupus nephritis is not associated with the triad seen in HUS. Membranous lupus nephritis is a form of lupus nephritis characterized by immune complex deposition in the glomeruli. B) Focal glomerulonephritis secondary to septicemia typically presents with acute kidney injury due to inflammation and damage to the glomeruli from the infection. It does not typically present with the triad seen in HUS. D) Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is characterized by the deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli following a streptococcal infection. It typically presents with hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and edema but does not present with the triad seen in HUS. Understanding the characteristic features of different pediatric GU disorders is crucial for healthcare providers to make accurate diagnoses and provide appropriate treatment. Recognizing the specific triad of symptoms seen in HUS helps differentiate it from other conditions with similar presentations, leading to prompt management and improved patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Interstitial nephritis. Interstitial nephritis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the kidney's interstitial tissue, often caused by medications like NSAIDs. The presentation of tender calf muscles and a markedly elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level of 7,000 suggests rhabdomyolysis, a known complication of interstitial nephritis due to muscle breakdown leading to the release of CPK. Option A) Influenza is incorrect as it typically does not present with tender calf muscles and a significantly elevated CPK level. Option B) Aspirin intoxication is unlikely to cause the specific symptoms described and is not a common cause of rhabdomyolysis. Option C) Henoch-Schönlein purpura is a systemic vasculitis that primarily affects children and presents with palpable purpura, arthritis, abdominal pain, and renal involvement, but not typically with tender calf muscles and a markedly elevated CPK. In an educational context, understanding the link between interstitial nephritis, rhabdomyolysis, and elevated CPK levels is crucial for diagnosing and managing pediatric patients with kidney disorders. This question highlights the importance of recognizing presenting symptoms and laboratory findings to arrive at an accurate diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Idiopathic hypercalciuria is a common condition in children characterized by excessive calcium excretion in the urine without any other underlying causes. The correct answer, option A - hypercalcemia, is false regarding this condition. In idiopathic hypercalciuria, there is increased urinary calcium excretion but not necessarily elevated blood calcium levels. Option B - possibly autosomal dominant, is a common characteristic of idiopathic hypercalciuria, as it is believed to have a genetic component with possible autosomal dominant inheritance. Option C - hematuria, is often seen in conjunction with idiopathic hypercalciuria due to the formation of calcium oxalate crystals in the urine, leading to irritation of the urinary tract and subsequent blood in the urine. Option D - dysuria, is also a common symptom associated with idiopathic hypercalciuria. The passage of calcium oxalate crystals through the urinary tract can cause pain and discomfort during urination. Educational Context: Understanding pediatric GU disorders, including idiopathic hypercalciuria, is crucial for healthcare professionals dealing with pediatric patients. Identifying the key clinical features, such as hematuria and dysuria, can aid in the accurate diagnosis and management of these conditions. It is essential to differentiate between hypercalcemia and increased urinary calcium excretion in idiopathic hypercalciuria to provide appropriate care for affected children.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is A) nephrotic syndrome. The differential diagnosis of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) involves distinguishing it from other conditions with similar presentations. Nephrotic syndrome is a renal disorder characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema, which is distinct from HUS. Malignant hypertension can lead to renal damage but presents differently from HUS. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy like HUS but has its own distinct features. Renal vein thrombosis involves clot formation in the renal vein and is not typically part of the HUS differential. Educationally, understanding the differential diagnosis of pediatric GU disorders like HUS is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide accurate diagnoses and appropriate treatments. By differentiating between these conditions, clinicians can tailor their management strategies effectively, leading to better patient outcomes.