Childhood schizophrenia is suggested by:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of childhood schizophrenia, the correct answer is C) Hallucinations. Childhood schizophrenia is a rare, severe mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and abnormal behaviors. Hallucinations, such as hearing voices or seeing things that are not there, are a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia in children. Option A) Disturbance in movement patterns is more commonly associated with conditions like Tourette syndrome or movement disorders, not specifically childhood schizophrenia. Persistent thumb sucking, option B, is a common behavior in young children and is not a specific indicator of childhood schizophrenia. Option D) Infantile autism refers to a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication, which is distinct from childhood schizophrenia. Educationally, understanding the symptoms and diagnostic criteria of childhood schizophrenia is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatric nursing. Recognizing early signs can lead to timely interventions and appropriate treatment. By differentiating between various symptoms and conditions, nurses can provide better care and support for children with mental health disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Leptospira icterohaemorrhagica. Renal damage is a recognized complication of infection with Leptospira icterohaemorrhagica, specifically causing a condition known as leptospirosis. This bacterium can affect the kidneys leading to renal impairment. Option A) Plasmodium falciparum is associated with severe malaria but is not typically linked to renal damage. Option B) Schistosoma haematobium is a parasite that causes schistosomiasis, primarily affecting the urinary system but not directly causing renal damage. Option C) Plasmodium malariae is a milder form of malaria that does not commonly lead to renal complications. Educationally, understanding the specific pathogens that can lead to renal damage is crucial for healthcare providers, especially in pediatric patients who may be more vulnerable to such complications. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of these infections can aid in early diagnosis and appropriate treatment to prevent further renal damage and improve patient outcomes. Pharmacological interventions may also be needed to manage these conditions effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Distal occlusion of the posterior cerebral artery results in homonymous hemianopia because this artery supplies the occipital lobe, responsible for processing visual information. When occluded, a specific pattern of visual field loss occurs in both eyes. Contralateral hemiplegia is associated with occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, which supplies motor and sensory areas of the brain. Dysarthria is typically seen with lesions affecting the cerebellum or cranial nerves involved in speech production, not the posterior cerebral artery. Cerebellar ataxia is associated with lesions affecting the cerebellum, not the occipital lobe. Understanding the vascular supply to different brain regions is essential in diagnosing and managing neurological conditions. This knowledge helps healthcare professionals localize lesions based on presenting symptoms and select appropriate interventions to optimize patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In understanding Type I renal tubular acidosis (RTA), it is crucial to recognize that the correct answer is B) Is caused by a failure of ammonium ion secretion. This type of RTA is characterized by the inability of the distal tubule to secrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate, leading to metabolic acidosis. Ammonium ion secretion is a critical mechanism in maintaining acid-base balance in the body, and its failure results in the accumulation of acid in the blood. Option A) Only occurs in children is incorrect as Type I RTA can occur in both children and adults. It is important not to limit our understanding of medical conditions based on age alone. Option C) Is associated with renal calcification is incorrect for Type I RTA. Renal calcification is typically associated with other types of RTA or conditions such as hyperparathyroidism. Option D) Typically leads to hypovolemia is incorrect as Type I RTA is not typically associated with hypovolemia. Instead, it can lead to hyperkalemia due to impaired ammonium secretion. In an educational context, understanding the different types of RTA is essential for healthcare professionals, especially nurses, who may encounter pediatric patients with renal disorders. By grasping the pathophysiology of Type I RTA, nurses can provide appropriate care, monitor electrolyte imbalances, and collaborate with the healthcare team to manage the condition effectively. This knowledge enhances patient safety and quality of care in pediatric cardiovascular conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), option D) "Is associated with speech delay" is the correct answer. DMD is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. Speech delay is a common feature in children with DMD due to the involvement of muscles required for speech production. This delay is often attributed to weakness in the muscles used for articulation and breathing support. Option A) "Has an association with malignant hyperpyrexia" is incorrect because there is no direct association between DMD and malignant hyperpyrexia. Malignant hyperthermia is a rare complication associated with certain anesthesia drugs and muscle disorders, but not specifically with DMD. Option B) "Is a reason for never running properly" is incorrect because while children with DMD may have difficulty with motor skills and running due to muscle weakness, it is not the primary defining characteristic of the condition. Option C) "Is better diagnosed with muscle biopsy than gene probe" is also incorrect. While muscle biopsy can show characteristic changes in muscle tissue indicative of DMD, the most definitive and commonly used diagnostic method for DMD is genetic testing, particularly through gene probes or sequencing. Educationally, understanding the clinical manifestations and diagnostic considerations of DMD is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially nurses involved in the care of pediatric patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of DMD, such as speech delay, can lead to early identification and interventions, improving outcomes and quality of life for affected individuals and their families.