Cherry, the mother of an 11-month-old girl, Elizabeth, is in the clinic for her daughter's immunizations. She expresses concern to the nurse that Elizabeth cannot yet walk. The nurse correctly replies that, according to the Denver Developmental Screen, the median age for walking is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The Denver Developmental Screening Test states that the median age for walking is around 12 months. This means that about half of all typically developing children will begin to walk by this age. It is important to note that there is a wide range of normal development, and not all children will hit these milestones at the same time. If Cherry's 11-month-old daughter, Elizabeth, is not yet walking, it does not necessarily indicate a developmental delay as long as she is meeting other milestones within a reasonable timeframe.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Surfactant plays a crucial role in the neonate by helping the lungs remain expanded after the initiation of breathing. Surfactant is a substance produced by type II alveolar cells in the lungs that reduces surface tension in the alveoli. By lowering surface tension, surfactant prevents the alveoli from collapsing during expiration, thereby helping the lungs to remain expanded and functional. This function is particularly important in neonates, whose lungs are not yet fully developed and may have difficulty maintaining lung expansion without adequate levels of surfactant. Failure to produce enough surfactant can lead to respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Providing new information slowly and in small amounts to a confused individual, like Mr. Reyes, is important because confusion or delirium can be a defense mechanism against further stress. By giving information gradually, it allows the individual to better absorb and process the information without becoming overwhelmed, which can further exacerbate their confusion. This approach also helps reduce the risk of causing additional stress or agitation in the individual, thus promoting a more conducive environment for cognitive processing and understanding.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the ABCD method used to assess skin lesions for possible skin cancer, the letter A stands for Asymmetry. Asymmetry refers to the irregular shape of the lesion when one half of the lesion does not match the other half. Lesions that are symmetrical are less likely to be concerning for skin cancer, while asymmetrical lesions should be further evaluated by a healthcare professional. This characteristic helps in identifying potentially worrisome skin lesions early on for appropriate management.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Stage IV S refers to infants <1 year with localized primary tumor, distant metastases limited to liver, skin, or bone marrow (with <10% involvement), and no amplification of N-myc.