Characteristics of nootropics include all of the following EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because nootropics are known for enhancing cognitive functions such as memory, focus, and creativity, not causing a decline in integrative brain functions. A: Selective influence is true as nootropics target specific brain areas. B: Improving communication aligns with nootropics enhancing cognitive abilities. D: Increased energetic exchange is a common effect of nootropics, boosting brain cell function.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Trypsin. Trypsin is an enzyme that does not contain free sulfhydryl groups. A: Acetylcysteine contains a free sulfhydryl group, used as a mucolytic agent. B: Ambroxol contains a free sulfhydryl group, used as a mucolytic agent. C: Bromhexine contains a free sulfhydryl group, used as a mucolytic agent.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: No-spa. No-spa is the drug that affects the biliary system and relaxes the Oddi sphincter. The Oddi sphincter is a muscular valve that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum. No-spa, also known as Drotaverine, is a smooth muscle relaxant that works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase enzyme, leading to relaxation of smooth muscles including the Oddi sphincter. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not specifically target the biliary system or the Oddi sphincter. Cholosas is a liver protectant, Oxaphenamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, and Cholenzyme is a combination of digestive enzymes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lidocaine. Lidocaine is favored for digitalis-induced arrhythmias due to its sodium channel blocking properties, which can help stabilize the heart rhythm. Verapamil (A) is a calcium channel blocker and may worsen arrhythmias. Amiodarone (B) is effective for various arrhythmias but may interact with digitalis. Propranolol (D) is a beta-blocker and may not be as effective as lidocaine for digitalis-induced arrhythmias.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, as calcium channel blockers have multiple effects on the cardiovascular system. They reduce peripheral vascular resistance by dilating blood vessels, decrease cardiac contractility and output by blocking calcium entry into cardiac muscle cells, and relieve coronary artery spasm by dilating coronary arteries. Therefore, all of the choices (A, B, and C) are correct effects of calcium channel blockers. The other choices are incorrect because they do not encompass all the effects of calcium channel blockers.