Characteristic indices in anaemia of chronic inflammation:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and pharmacology, understanding the characteristic indices in anemia of chronic inflammation is crucial for providing effective care to pediatric patients. The correct answer is C) Decreased transferrin. In anemia of chronic inflammation, there is a disruption in iron metabolism characterized by increased levels of hepcidin, leading to decreased availability of iron for erythropoiesis. Transferrin is a protein that binds and transports iron in the blood. In this type of anemia, there is a decrease in transferrin levels due to the sequestration of iron within macrophages, thus reducing the amount of iron available for erythropoiesis. A) Increased MCV is incorrect because anemia of chronic inflammation is typically normocytic or microcytic, not macrocytic. B) Decreased ferritin is incorrect because ferritin levels are typically increased in anemia of chronic inflammation as a result of increased iron storage in macrophages. D) Normal MCHC is incorrect because anemia of chronic inflammation is often associated with a decrease in MCHC due to the disruption in iron metabolism. Understanding these characteristic indices in anemia of chronic inflammation is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition, as it guides appropriate assessment, monitoring, and treatment strategies to manage the anemia effectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Turner's syndrome. Turner's syndrome is a genetic condition caused by a missing or incomplete X chromosome in females. This chromosomal abnormality results in a variety of physical and developmental issues. Option A) Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5, not a chromosomal abnormality involving sex chromosomes like Turner's syndrome. Option B) Kearns-Sayre syndrome is a mitochondrial DNA deletion syndrome, not a chromosomal abnormality involving sex chromosomes like Turner's syndrome. Option C) Marfan's syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the FBN1 gene, not a chromosomal abnormality involving sex chromosomes like Turner's syndrome. Educationally, understanding chromosomal abnormalities is crucial in pediatric nursing as it helps in identifying genetic conditions that can impact a child's health and development. Recognizing the specific syndromes associated with chromosomal abnormalities can guide healthcare professionals in providing appropriate care and support for affected patients and their families.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In autism, genetic factors may play a significant role in its etiology. This is the correct answer because research has shown that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a strong genetic component, with multiple genes contributing to its development. Environmental factors may also interact with these genetic factors to influence the risk of developing autism. Understanding the genetic basis of autism is crucial for early identification, intervention, and treatment strategies. Option A, stating that social interaction is normal in autism, is incorrect. Individuals with autism often struggle with social interactions, communication, and exhibit repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. This hallmark triad of symptoms is what characterizes autism spectrum disorders. Option B, suggesting that dopamine levels are reduced in autism, is also incorrect. While there is ongoing research on the role of neurotransmitters in autism, dopamine specifically has not been conclusively linked to the etiology of autism. Option D, claiming that Methylphenidate is used with benefit in autism, is incorrect. Methylphenidate is a medication commonly used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), not autism. Treatment for autism typically involves a multidisciplinary approach tailored to the individual's specific needs and symptoms. In an educational context, understanding the multifactorial nature of autism spectrum disorders, including the significant contribution of genetic factors, is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients. By recognizing the complex interplay between genetics and environment in the development of autism, nurses and other healthcare providers can better support individuals with autism and their families through early identification, appropriate interventions, and holistic care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), the recognized feature of easy scarring (Option D) is correct. EDS is a group of genetic connective tissue disorders characterized by hyperextensible skin, joint hypermobility, and tissue fragility. Easy scarring is a common manifestation due to the underlying collagen abnormalities in EDS. Option A, mutation in the fibrillin gene, is incorrect as it is associated with Marfan syndrome, not EDS. Marfan syndrome involves abnormalities in the fibrillin-1 gene, leading to features like tall stature, arachnodactyly, and aortic root dilation. Option B, short stature, is not a typical feature of EDS. Individuals with EDS may actually have normal or even taller stature due to the effects of connective tissue laxity on skeletal growth. Option C, keratoconus, is also not a recognized feature of EDS. Keratoconus is a condition affecting the cornea, characterized by progressive thinning and cone-shaped protrusion. It is not directly related to EDS. Educationally, understanding the distinct clinical features of different genetic disorders is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management in pediatric nursing practice. Connecting specific manifestations to underlying genetic abnormalities enhances clinical reasoning skills and ensures appropriate care for patients with complex conditions like EDS.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the appropriate use of medications like sodium valproate in managing seizures is crucial. The correct answer, B) Infantile spasms, is not typically treated with sodium valproate due to its limited efficacy for this specific seizure type. Infantile spasms often require other medications or interventions for better control. Option A) Absences seizures are commonly managed with sodium valproate as it is effective for this type of seizure. Option C) Generalised clonic seizures and Option D) Myoclonic seizures also respond well to sodium valproate in many cases, making them inappropriate choices for the exception. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the nuances of pharmacological interventions in pediatric patients with seizures. It reinforces the need for nurses to be familiar with the specific indications and contraindications of medications like sodium valproate to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients with varying seizure types.