Centrally acting antitussives, such as opioids, are used to

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Opioid antitussives suppress severe coughs , not congestion , mucus , or mild coughs . C reflects their use, making it correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: MRSA treatment causing anemia, jaundice, and Heinz bodies suggests dapsone (sulfa drug), which inhibits folic acid metabolism . Oxidative stress from dapsone in G6PD-deficient patients (common in African Americans) leads to hemolysis. Options and are macrolide and tetracycline mechanisms. Option is penicillin's action. RNA polymerase inhibition (E) is rifampin's. Dapsone's sulfa action fits the clinical picture, with hemolysis as a side effect, not its primary MRSA mechanism, but the question's focus on outcome aligns with folate pathway disruption.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Novahistine DM combines codeine (antitussive), phenylephrine (decongestant), and chlorpheniramine (antihistamine), causing sedation and impaired judgment. 'Do not make important decisions or operate machinery' is critical, as codeine's CNS depression, amplified by chlorpheniramine, risks accidents (correct answers: 3, 4, 5). Water aids swallowing but isn't key. Bedside storage risks overuse. Adherence is vital but secondary to safety. Choice D prioritizes preventing harm.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Prednisone is a corticosteroid medication that can cause side effects such as fluid retention, electrolyte imbalance, and increased blood pressure. On the other hand, high-dose aspirin, especially when taken for arthritis, can have blood-thinning effects that may also contribute to lowering blood pressure. Given these potential effects of both medications, the nurse should be vigilant for the development of hypotension in the patient. Monitoring for signs and symptoms of low blood pressure, such as dizziness, lightheadedness, and weakness, is crucial in this situation to ensure the patient's safety.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Idiosyncratic reactions to drugs refer to individual responses that cannot be explained by known mechanisms or understood pharmacological properties of the drug. These reactions are typically unpredictable and uncommon. Unlike allergic reactions that involve a specific immune response, idiosyncratic reactions are unique to the individual and may not be fully understood. Side effects, on the other hand, are known and expected effects of a drug, while teratogenic effects are related to drug exposure during pregnancy causing harm to the fetus.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Albuterol is a medication that belongs to the class of beta-2 adrenergic agonists, which are primarily used for bronchodilation. It works by relaxing the muscles in the airways, allowing them to widen and making breathing easier for individuals with conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory disorders. Albuterol helps to relieve symptoms of bronchospasm, such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It is commonly used as a rescue inhaler for quick relief of acute bronchospasm.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Packed red blood cells (RBCs) are used to treat anemia, a condition characterized by a low red blood cell count or hemoglobin level. Anemia can result from blood loss, chronic disease, or nutritional deficiencies. Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia involve low platelet and white blood cell counts, respectively, and are not treated with RBC transfusions. Hypoalbuminemia involves low albumin levels and requires albumin infusions, not RBCs. Therefore, anemia is the correct indication for this therapy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In hypovolemic shock due to significant blood loss, the primary goal is to quickly restore the lost volume of red blood cells to improve tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery. Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBCs) are the most appropriate blood product for this situation as they contain a high concentration of red blood cells and minimal plasma, making them the most efficient way to replace lost red blood cells. Whole blood, Cryoprecipitate, and Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) contain other blood components which are not the immediate priority in this scenario.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Lipid-soluble drugs distribute widely, crossing membranes like the blood-brain barrier easily, unlike water-soluble ones. The barrier blocks some, not all, drugs. High blood flow aids delivery, not hinders. Protein complexes limit free drug, not enable crossing. Lipid solubility enhances distribution, a pharmacokinetic truth.