Centrally acting antitussives, such as opioids, are used to

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Opioid antitussives (e.g., codeine) act on the brain's cough center, suppressing severe, persistent coughs , often in conditions like bronchitis, not mild coughs . They don't decongest or thin mucus . Choice C reflects their purpose for significant cough relief, critical for nursing education.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) from alcohol causes growth restriction, microcephaly, flat midface, and cardiac defects. Cocaine , Marijuana , Opioids , and Tobacco (E) don't fully match. Alcohol's teratogenicity explains the infant's features.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sunscreen should provide protection against both UVA and UVB radiation and include SPF information (A). UVB radiation is most intense between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. (B). An SPF of at least 15 is recommended (D). Clouds do not block all radiation, so sunscreen is still needed on cloudy days (C is incorrect).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Antiepileptics vary in side effects. Valproate causes tremor or hepatotoxicity, not visual defects. Carbamazepine risks rash or hyponatremia, not eyes. Lamotrigine is linked to rash, tiagabine to dizziness, without visual impact. Vigabatrin, a GABA-transaminase inhibitor, causes irreversible concentric visual field defects in ~30-40% of users due to retinal toxicity, a unique and serious adverse effect. This necessitates ophthalmologic monitoring, distinguishing it in epilepsy treatment choices.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Albuterol is a medication commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. It works by relaxing the muscles in the airways, allowing the air passages to widen and making it easier to breathe. This bronchodilation effect helps to relieve symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Albuterol is classified as a short-acting beta-agonist, and its therapeutic use lies in its ability to provide quick relief during acute asthma attacks or to prevent exercise-induced bronchospasm.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin, is commonly associated with adverse effects of pruritus (itching) and cutaneous flushing (reddening of the skin). These effects are often dose-related and can be minimized if the medication is taken with food or slowly titrated up. Tinnitus and urine with a burnt odor are not typically associated with nicotinic acid. Myalgia (muscle pain) and fatigue are more commonly seen with statin medications rather than niacin. Blurred vision and headaches are not commonly reported side effects of nicotinic acid either.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Naloxone is a medication used to treat opioid overdose by rapidly reversing the effects of opioids on the central nervous system. It works by binding to the same receptors in the brain that opioids target, effectively displacing the opioids and reversing their effects. Naloxone can quickly restore normal breathing in individuals who have overdosed on opioids, potentially saving their lives. It is commonly administered in emergency situations, such as in hospitals, ambulances, and by first responders. Naloxone is an essential tool in treating opioid overdose and is considered a life-saving medication in such cases.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Lithium is commonly used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder. One of its main therapeutic effects is its ability to prevent or decrease the incidence of acute manic episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder. Lithium can help stabilize mood swings and reduce the severity and frequency of manic episodes. By regulating neurotransmitter levels in the brain, lithium helps to balance mood and prevent the extreme highs associated with mania. It is an essential medication for managing bipolar disorder and is particularly effective in treating manic symptoms.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Pregnancy limits arthritis options-splinting supports joints safely, per non-drug care. Heat helps, not avoided. Hydroxychloroquine needs caution (Category C). Glucocorticoids (D) risk cleft palate-unsafe. Splinting fits pregnancy, per safety.